The Choice Of Drug Addiction - 1400 Words

There are many Americans who are addicted to drugs. When you are an addict cleansing your body from drugs will be hard going cold turkey. Quitting cold turkey means self detox. Self detox could be potentially dangerous especially when alcohol and / or drugs have practically demolished your life. Admitting that you have a problem is the first step to recovery but you can not do this alone. Every person is different so while one form of treatment may be good for you it may not be good for someone else or vise verse. You have to find treatment that best fits your situation. The choice of drug dependency will help determine what treatment is best for you, even the criminal justice system has its own way of treating criminals with drug addiction and/ or mental problems. Drug addiction has an negative effect for human beings who are addicts and for the general public. Drug addiction means that a person is depended on a drug weather the drug is medication prescribed by a doctor, or illegal and legal legal drugs. Be mindful that alcohol and nicotine are reviewed as drugs although they are legal they are highly addicting. Drug addiction can and will create chaos in your life causing your mental and physical health to deteriorate. You can not fight drug addiction alone. You will need all the help you can get. Be open to your family, friends, and doctors. They may be able to to find you the help that you need from an organized treatment program. Drug treatment programs are designedShow MoreRelatedIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or Disease?1480 Words   |  6 Pages Is Drug Addiction a Choice or Disease? Should the cause of addiction rely on people s actions? These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone s doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help one see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. Several people argue whether drug addiction is a disease or a choice. Discussing this argument in hopes to have a better understandingRead MoreIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or A Disease?1743 Words   |  7 PagesIs drug addiction a choice or a disease ? There are two central debates that often arise when speaking of addiction ; either addiction is a disease caused by the brain, or addiction is a matter of weak will. In comparison the disease model would take responsibility away from the addict and place it on biological reasoning ; the weak will model, would ultimately condemn the addict and place blame on the addicts decision making process and thus blame the addict for their behavior. Utilitarian theoryRead MoreDrug Addiction Disease or Choice?2171 Words   |  9 Pages Drug addiction, disease or choice, the National Institution of Drugs Association (NIDA) has determined Drug Addiction a chronic, relapsing brain disease while opposing views debate Drug Addiction as solely a choice controlled voluntarily? Drug addiction is now recognized as a chronic relapsing brain disease expressed in the form of compulsive behaviors. Hence, the estimatedRead MoreDrug Addiction, Disease or Choice Essay2115 Words   |  9 PagesGraybeal November 7, 2012 Addiction: A Decision or Disease? Drug and alcohol addiction is a very serious and widespread problem in America, and across the globe. Drug addiction is a constant craving, seeking, and using of a substance, despite the negative consequences it may have on the addict or those around them. When drug use becomes more frequent, it is considered drug abuse. Once an individual’s drug abuse is can no longer be controlled, and they are using the drug to get through everyday lifeRead MoreDrug Addiction1473 Words   |  6 PagesIs drug addiction is a disease, not a choice? Or it is a choice and not a disease? Drug Addiction has become a serious issue in society today, with an increase in controversy leading towards the topic of whether drug addiction is a disease or a choice. Addiction and disease are two different things and understanding them is very important when it comes to drugs and how it affects the mind and body. Several people tend to jump the gun and think that drug addiction is a disease, when in fact it isRead MoreThe Perception Of Drug Addiction Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There is a wide-range reaction about drug addiction today in society. Illicit drug use continues to be a major social issue all over the world. Drug addiction defines a â€Å"chronic, relapsing brain disorder that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences† (Kuhar, 2010:453 ). Research has shown that decades have passed since the clinical population has accepted addiction as a disease instead of a series of bad choices. Nevertheless, specific group affiliationRead MoreArgumentative Essay Addiction1629 Words   |  7 Pageswelfare benefits, but the majority of people diagnosed with addiction receives little to no treatment. According to the article Treating Addiction as a Chronic Disease, †Health officials estimate 22 million people in the U.S. abuse alcohol or drugs or both and only around 10 percent of them are in treatment.† Deciding whether addiction is deserving of jail time or necessary treatment is a huge controversy in our world today. Will naming addiction as a disease end the stigma of addicts and provide a betterRead MoreAddiction : An Emergent Consequence Of Elementary Choice Principles Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Heyman, Gene M. 2013 Addiction: An Emergent Consequence of Elementary Choice Principles.Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 56 (5):428-445. Abstract The measurement of the research concerning addiction is regarded as a brain disease by researchers, physician, and informed societies; however, the extreme use of narcotics is projected as an individual’s choice. The choice theory suggest that drugs do not turn users into addicts, but the choice to keep using them does. ThereforeRead MoreDrug Addiction777 Words   |  4 Pages Is drug addiction a choice or a disease? This polemical topic has been in the media for many years and has provoked many debates to ascertain the whole thing. Many researchers have concluded being a drug addict is a disease that is only cured by â€Å"feeding the habit†. Conversely, there are researchers who assert that drug addiction is just a choice. Having thoroughly taken into consideration both sides of the arguments and doing my own research, my stand remains that being a drug addict is undisputedlyRead MoreHow Drug Use And Addiction878 Words   |  4 PagesDrug use and addiction has always been a topic of discussion for many people. None of it being good nonetheless, but it has been a topic on people’s minds. In our society today there is still a stigma attached to drug users and even worse drug addicts. The feelings are always geared towards shaming the user or addict and not much else. The really divisive idea being if addiction is actually a choice a person m akes or if it is a disease. Most knowledge and discussion about this either leans one way

Good or Bad Customer Service Essay - 1102 Words

A large part of being a good service provider is ensuring customer convenience. Study findings show that strong leadership systems focus on customers, motivate employees, and implement their customer service vision. They also focus great attention on gathering the information needed to track customer satisfaction, and employees overall performance. Customer service should be designed and delivered seamlessly from the customers point of view. Customer-driven operations lead to success. Decentralized, uncoordinated customer service provision makes for a most frustrating experience for customers. Great food, high-traffic location, and super decor -- all are important to the restaurant business. If you take a close look at what†¦show more content†¦I took my family to our local McDonalds for lunch a week ago (after 1 pm) and waited in line for over 25 minutes with only 4 other customers in line before us. Of the two cash registers originally open, one lady (unable to read name covered by apron) left without informing the people in line directly in front of her that she was closing. The assistant manager (I assume since he had no name tag but was wearing a striped shirt (everyone else was wearing green shirts)) was called to the front 4 times to correct erroneous orders, and finally opened another register. Unfortunately, he waited on us. We ordered salad shakers that ended up being (at best) warm. He needed to return to the register for each item, and even then had the order messed up. He literally threw my childrens orders of French fries on the tray as well as their burgers. While we were waiting, I watched one rather slovenly worker (with a large grease stain and cheese on his BACK) throw a quot;to-goquot; bag and complain to the people in the back about being busy. There appeared to be more than enough people working, but planning and management were severely lacking. I recently visited another McDonalds in my area with my kids and my little cousin, then I have another disappointment. I ordered the kid meal for him; it came with a toy and a drink with the meal. I asked for milk, which to me is more nutritious than soda. Soda does have gobs of sugar in them, which is not healthy for any human young orShow MoreRelatedGood and Bad of Customer Service1142 Words   |  5 Pagesmany positive and negative customer service experiences. Customer service (ch.1 pg. 6) can be defined as â€Å"The ability of knowledgeable, capable, and enthusiastic employees to deliver products and services to their internal and external customers in a matter that satisfies identified and unidentified needs.† In other words, it is the ability of a company and its employees to supply their customers’ wants and needs. Some organizations have well developed customer services departments, while other areRead MoreEssay about Service Recovery 949 Words   |  4 Pag esIn providing services to the customers, service recovery is a missing element. The effective service recovery process attracts customers as well as leaves a positive impact on them. Process of service recovery brings customers from their bad feelings and perceptions to the positive edge. Effective service recovery process is a major element in maintaining customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. (John Tschohl) The service recovery means the service provider taking some effective actions or steps toRead MoreCustomer Service Within The Workplace1346 Words   |  6 PagesBASICS OF CUSTOMER SERVICE WITHIN THE WORKPLACE The Echo 2012 Global Customer Service Barometer stated that â€Å"Nearly a third of consumers believe that businesses are now paying less attention to providing good customer service† (3). Since business to customer interaction is a vital component in today’s economy, customer service is an essential topic that must be improved to consider a business successful with its attended audience. Formatting of this report includes the discussion of the conceptsRead MoreThe Rise Of Social Media1248 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the benefits of customer service and customer success are plentiful, many businesses still don’t pay enough attention to good customer service. This is partly because in the past, companies were a bit less likely to suffer greatly even if they didn’t always put the customer first. But the technological revolution has changed the way businesses need to look at customer service. The above benefits have become even more relevant and getting the customer service culture right can make or breakRead MoreCustomer Service Skills854 Words   |  4 PagesCUSTOMER SERVICE SKILLS 09/26/2012 PRESENTED TO WENDY HORTON CUSTOMER SERVICE CLASS PREPARED BY TYNITRIA JOHNSON Customer service is a very important factor in today’s society. Customer is any relationship, conversation, or interaction an employee has with a customer. Good customer service is the key to a successful business. I learned some things out this class that are relevant to me. I can use them throughout my career. I interviewed three people, as following, for thisRead MoreThe Customer Revenge Case Study970 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Review Case Study : The Customers’ Revenge by Dan Ariely (December 2007) As an introduction of this case, a little recall of the facts may not harm anyone. Atida is a 70 year old motor company, producing and selling stylish and innovative cars and they have just launched a new one on the market : the Andromeda XL. The brand has many loyal customers and devoted fans among various clubs and communities. Jim MacIntire and his colleagues from the customer service department have tried to enhanceRead MoreCustomer Service Of Health Care1463 Words   |  6 PagesManagement 2213 26 November 2015 Customer Service in Health Care Customer services is a very important part of managing ongoing client/patient relationships, because they are the key to bringing in revenue. The concept of customer service is to deliver outstanding services so the customers will have a great experience. I currently work in the healthcare industry and the company that I work for is starting to have training and meetings to improve customer service to our clients to help increase ourRead MoreGood Consumer Service: Company of Choice1032 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness the main key is to have good customer service. The standpoint for any salespersons is to how they present themselves in the company. Companies that show extremely good customer service will normally become the company of choice because with good customer service comes with more customers from other companies. With good service support it is the easiest route to success in building a strong company with custom relations. When a customer sees that good service is provided they will most likelyRead MoreCustomer Complaints And Why It Is Important For Improving Customer Experience For The Future1738 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: I have chosen to write my reflective essay on customer complaints and why it is important to handle them effectively, how to learn from complaints and how my workplace can use a complaint as a way of improving customer experience for the future. Reflective learning encourages development and new approaches to learning (Brockbank et al, 2002). From what I understand, the purpose of reflective writing is to help us recognise the way we work at a deeper level. It is a process in whichRead MoreCustomer Service For Health Care1292 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Service in Health Care Customer services is a very important part of managing ongoing client/patient relationships, because they are the key to bringing in revenue. The concept of customer service is to deliver outstanding services so the customers will have a great experience. I currently work in the healthcare industry and the company that I work for is starting to have trainings and meetings to improve customer service to our clients to help increase our patient satisfaction levels

Business Analysis Valuation Managerial Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Business Analysis Valuation : Managerial Financial Statements. Answer: In this report a study has been prepared on the cost and profit structure of Tangam Dairies Ltd Tangam Dairies Ltd reflects that if it is going to accept this new project then it would increase the sales units in the market by 200% after five years. However, the overall interest on capital for purchasing new machine $ 2, 00, 00. It reflects that company will have return more than its cost of capital which will surely increase the value of organizations. Tangam Dairies Ltd has estimated that it will increase its overall sales by 200% after five years. In addition to this, net profit of company will also increased by 900% due to less price and increase turnover (Healy Palepu, 2012). After analyzing the cost structure and capital investment decision of organization, it is observed that Tangam Dairies Ltd will have return on its capital employed more than its cost of capital. This shows that company will surely create value on its investment by increasing overall turnover of organization (Hirschey, 2008). References Healy, P.M. Palepu, K.G. (2012).Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hirschey, M. (2008).Fundamentals of Managerial Economics.9thed. Mason: Cengage Learning.

Supply Chain Management for Demand Forecast - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSupply Chain Management for Demand Forecast. Answer: Forecasting: Forecasting can be defined as the method that has been used by the businesses in order to make future assumptions about something after analysing some data or pattern. Forecasting in supply chain management is very essential because the company has to make many decisions as per the forecast. The major importance of forecasting in supply chain is that it allows the management to reduce the inventory. For example, if the products are made according to the forecasted demand then the company needs not to spend much on keeping the stocks and thus the cost of stocking or inventory can be reduced (Arndt, 2004). Other importance of forecasting lies in enhancing customers satisfaction by delivering the products as per the demands, improving the marketing and promotion as per the availability of the products etc. There are three types of forecasting in supply chain: Demand forecast: It is the type of forecast that helps in predicting the demand of the market as per the analysis of the market situations. Price forecast: It is the type of forecast that deals with prediction of the price of the products as per the pricing of the competitors and the demand of the products. Supply forecast: supply forecast deals with the prediction of suppliers capabilities to supply the raw material (Bowersox, Closs and Cooper, 2002). There are different loop holes that need to be analysed at the time of forecasting the demand, supply or the price of the products. This is because these loop holes may affect the results of forecasting. It is required by the company or the supply chain department to look for the factors that can affect the forecasting process. Reviewing the forecast is the necessary step to be conducted (Mentzer, 2001). Another technique that can improve the forecasting process of capability of the company is better and efficient data collection methods are the market analysis method because it is the most basic requirement for forecasting. 3PL: 3PL is the service that deals with outsourcing of the logistics functions such as warehousing, transportation etc. it is called 3PL because third party is involved in logistics. There is various information that needs to seek from the 3PL firm. The first one is scalability of the service. It is required to check the capability of the service to scale up and down their services at the time of peak and lean business. Other than this, the company also needs to take the information about the technology and the financial stability of the company (Lambert, Cooper and Pagh, 1998). Humanitarian logistics: It is the branch of logistics that deals with serving the businesses at the time of any natural calamities or emergencies. The 6 key players are: Government: The government is responsible for developing the policies as they have the authority to mobilize the resources (Christopher, 2016). Military: it is required to include military in this list because the soldiers are the one who are called upon first at the time of any calamity for helping the people. Aid agencies: These are the global actor that is supported by the government to provide the services at the time of calamity (Ballou, 2007). Donors: they are the one who provides funds for the programs. NGOs: they act as the helpers at the tie of capability. Private organization: thy have more then on role that is they can act as donors, as helpers, as providers etc. Five (5) ways that Information Technology (IT) is being used to improve supply chain and logistics efficiency and effectiveness. Reducing cost: implementing technological logistics helps in reducing the cost of the activities by eliminating some of the steps that are required to be done without the use of software (Cooper, Lambert and Pagh, 1997). Accuracy in forecasting: if the software for data analysis is used then the forecasting can be more efficient and accurate. Analytics: It is the very easy to record the data and makes standardization in the processes. Compliance: the company can easily perform as per the government requirements with automated system. Competitive advantage: using technology in the supply chain and logistics also helps the company to attain competitive advantage over the competitors (Simchi-Levi, Simchi-Levi and Kaminsky,1999). Section 2: Using the case study as a basis for your answer, describe four (4) activities that IKEA is using to ensure its supply chain is sustainable and describe the ways that IKEA is influencing all elements of its supply chain to adopt sustainable practices. Activities: The company works closely with the primary sector suppliers so that they can ensure that the suppliers are using sustainable practices. During the working, the supply chain and logistics manager of the company looks for the practices that the suppliers are using so that they can assess whether the suppliers is harming the environment and to which extent. The company when deals with any of the suppliers try to negotiate with the prices and also assess the environmental impacts of their practices. Usage of e-Wheel to analyse the impact of product on the environment. It is tool that is used by the company to check the impact of the products on the environment so that the corrective actions can be taken if the impact is highly negative. Reduction of waster by ensuring that suppliers are using the waste in producing other products. The IWAY is the code of conduct that has been used by the company in order to make use of the waste products. IKEA is the company that tries to influence all the suppliers and the stakeholders to be sustainable so that the company can practice sustainable activities. Communication is the strength of the company. By communicating effectively with the manufacturers and suppliers, the companys management tries to supports the suppliers and manufactures to practices sustainable practices and also supports them to reduce waste products by recycling the products. IKEA is the organization that is very much successful is marinating the sustainability in its supply chain practices. Discuss the effect that IKEAs sustainable sourcing and supply practices are having and are likely to have upon the entire furniture industry now and into the future. As discussed in the case that IKEA is using many practices that are sustainable in nature in order to be sustainable and to ensure that their business activities least harm the environment. The collaboration of IKEA with the organization such as WWF and UNICEF is the evidence that the companys practices have also having effect on the other companies as well. As far as IKEA UK is considered, the company is already recycling 70% of the waste and now the company is trying to make it 90%. Initiative by one company affects a lot on the whole industry. All over furniture industry that includes suppliers is having appositive impact of these practices. As the company like IKEA has a process to select the suppliers when the suppliers are trying to maintain sustainability in the environment from their practices so that they can work with IKEA. Even the customers have more trust on these companies who works in favour of environment. As far as the future consideration area considered, it has been analysed that the other companies in this industry will also look for some of the sustainable practices so as to reduce the prices likes IKEA is doing because they have to compete with the practices of IKEA which is becoming the competitive advantage for the firm. Section 3: There are many practices that the company is using to involve customers in supply chain. It has been analysed that the first practice is regarding combining the retail and warehousing. The customers can select the products from the warehouse directly and thus they also play their part in supply chain. It reduces the fort of the company to bring the products to the retail shop and also allow the customers to have variety in the products. Another practice is cost per touch; it is believed by the company that if more and more hands touch the products, it raises its cots. Thus, the company tries to involve customers to retrieve the products themselves. This reduces the hands that touch the products and thus the cost reduces and the company can even offer the products at low prices. It is the approach that helps the company to deliver better services to the customers. it has been analysed from the case that IKEA is using various types of strategies so as to be sustainable at the same time serving the customers with ease. Involving the customers in the supply chain helps the company to develop the sense of belongingness amongst the customers. the practices that has been disused above are two of the best practices that the company is using to involve the customers in supply chain because this reduces the company efforts and increases the customers engagement the company. IKEA believes in maintaining great relationship with their suppliers and the manufacturers. It is very important for the company to do so as they depend on the products sold by the suppliers. IKEA has linked the inventory management system and the logistic managements system very closely so that they can maintain their inventory in order to provide better services to the customers. It has been analysed that The Company owns the proprietary system through which the logistic managers can get to know about the sale through point of sale and about the inventory that comes into store through direct shipping and through distributors. Analysis of this data helps the manager to forecast the sales and the requirement of the products at the store for some days. This helps in delivering the products to the customers on time and also to provide variety of products at the store to the customers. In any of the confusion, the logistic managers himself move to the pallet and bin to check the invento ry or the products availability. Along with the above practices, the in store logistic manager of the company use the process called inventory replenishment management process so as to maintain the balance of orders and reorders. The company has the process that is followed such as stocking only at the night after opening hours and regular monitoring of the sticks helps the company to fulfil the regular consumer demands and thus the satisfaction of the consumer from the services of the company increases. References: Arndt, H., 2004.Supply Chain Management. Gabler Verlag Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden. Ballou, R.H., 2007.Business logistics/supply chain management: planning, organizing, and controlling the supply chain. Pearson Education India. Bowersox, D.J., Closs, D.J. and Cooper, M.B., 2002.Supply chain logistics management(Vol. 2). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Cooper, M.C., Lambert, D.M. and Pagh, J.D., 1997. Supply chain management: more than a new name for logistics.The international journal of logistics management,8(1), pp.1-14. Lambert, D.M., Cooper, M.C. and Pagh, J.D., 1998. Supply chain management: implementation issues and research opportunities.The international journal of logistics management,9(2), pp.1-20. Mentzer, J.T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J.S., Min, S., Nix, N.W., Smith, C.D. and Zacharia, Z.G., 2001. Defining supply chain management.Journal of Business logistics,22(2), pp.1-25. Simchi-Levi, D., Simchi-Levi, E. and Kaminsky, P., 1999.Designing and managing the supply chain: Concepts, strategies, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions

Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions By Mark Nichol The following questions from readers pertain to how to distinguish essential information from nonessential information. 1. A colleague of mine wrote, â€Å"Institutions need to be able to collect and collate data in a centralized tool, which is easily accessible and can be mined to inform data-analytics activities.† I corrected it to â€Å"Institutions need to be able to collect and collate data in a centralized tool that is easily accessible and can be mined to inform data-analytics activities,† but she disagrees with the edit. I know I’m right, but how do I explain it to her? In your revision, you have altered the sentence to reflect the writer’s interest in presenting the essential details that the centralized tool is easily accessible and is conducive to data mining. The original version of the sentence offers the details in an offhand fashion, set off as a subordinate clause rather than as part of the main clause. Both versions are grammatically valid, but only your revision conveys the emphasis the writer intends. 2. When is it right to put a comma in front of â€Å"such as†? In many of your examples, I notice that there is no specific standard to using â€Å"such as.† At times, you write it as â€Å", such as,† and at other times, you omit the comma preceding â€Å"such as.† Are there any rules to using a comma before â€Å"such as†? Precede â€Å"such as† with a comma when the phrase that includes the listed examples is not essential to the sentence, such as in â€Å"The program offers team sports, such as basketball and softball, for adults in recreational and competitive leagues.† Omit a comma before â€Å"such as† when the information is essential: â€Å"The program offers team sports such as the ones listed below for adults in both recreational and competitive leagues.† The wording in these examples is identical, but there’s a subtle difference in meaning: The commas in the first example set off the phrase â€Å"such as basketball and softball† as a parenthesis in the main clause â€Å"The program offers team sports for adults in recreational and competitive leagues,† which states that the program is exclusively for adults. The second sentence refers to a list of sports for adults in recreational and competitive leagues, implying that other team sports may be offered that are exclusively for children or are for adults or children alike or are only recreational or only competitive. 3. â€Å"In the sentence ‘Chairs that don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on,’ I think which is acceptable in place of that, because chairs is a nonperson noun. I would appreciate if you let me know why that is the only correct answer.† The fact that chairs refers to a class of objects, rather than people, is irrelevant. That is not the only correct answer, but it is the best one. In American English, most careful writers employ that and which distinctly to clarify the difference in meaning between restrictively and nonrestrictively constructed sentences: â€Å"Chairs that don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on† refers to a particular class of chairs: those without cushions. The implication is that many chairs are comfortable; the ones specifically referred to are a categorical exception. â€Å"Chairs, which don’t have cushions, are uncomfortable to sit on† expresses- erroneously- that all chairs are cushionless. (The phrase â€Å"which don’t have cushions† is parenthetical; it can be omitted without altering the meaning of the basic sentence: â€Å"Chairs are uncomfortable to sit on.† However, this sentence is also incorrect in its assertion.) Some writers will use which in both types of sentences: â€Å"Chairs which don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on† and this is common in British English but most people (at least those in the United States) recognize that the distinctive wording helps strengthen the role of the commas in distinguishing meaning. By the way, although â€Å"Chairs, which don’t have cushions, are uncomfortable to sit on† and the abridged version, â€Å"Chairs are uncomfortable to sit on,† are logically erroneous comfortable chairs certainly do exist (though, unfortunately, I’m not sitting in one right now) a similarly constructed sentence can be valid: â€Å"Ostriches, which can’t fly, rely on their strong legs for mobility.† Conversely, because no ostriches are capable of flight, â€Å"Ostriches that can’t fly rely on their strong legs for mobility† is problematic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesDisappointed + Preposition150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essays

The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essays The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essay The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essay the typically low degree of wage for people in this class and inflexible nature of traveling from benefit claimant through into employment as restricting factors in increasing the life opportunities of kids and immature people in this sort of state of affairs. To back up this claim the more general findings of Tunnard ( 2004 ) are highlighted which link parental sick wellness jobs and household poorness and indicate that 50 % of handicapped people have incomes below half the national norm, this rises to 60 % for handicapped grownups with kids ( Gould 2006 ) . Guess in this study suggests that the figures would be worse in households where one or more parents experience important and digesting mental jobs. Therefore it is sensible to assume in the instance of Ruth and Megan that their degree of income is and will stay at a low degree without some important lifestyle alterations. Specific links between fiscal adversity and mental wellness are taken from an unpublished paper by Social Exclusion Unit in 2004 detailing the impact of poorness on mental ailment wellness, the trouble people experience had in accessing fiscal advice /services, disproportional dependance on province benefits, fluctuating incomes determined by wellness position and the challenge of procuring the right degree if benefit/personal finance. General findings about the impact on household poorness are besides relevant in the instance of Ruth and Megan and it is a factor that is really likely to add to the symptomology common to people diagnosed with marginal personality upset. Furthermore, as benefits and societal attention resources are constrained against a background of cardinal authorities s thrust to set people back into work, Spencer and Baldwin ( 2007 ) argue that many parents in the UK are expected to convey up their households in the context of unreasonably scarce resources . Therefore, practicians need to take into history Ruth and Megan s societal and economic factors when measuring their single demands, hazard and in finding a curative tract for this household. As might be expected, given these negative fiscal, wellness and well-being determiners societal exclusion is a likely to be a factor that needs to be overcome if an holistic, person-centred attack is to be adopted in back uping this household. Developing schemes to get the better of the destructive behavior that Ruth has developed as her personal header from mechanisms is a cardinal factor in turn toing the wider concern of her and Megan s societal exclusion and isolation. Megan s current state of affairs, which is one of compromised chance, a limited societal life, onerous duties, isolation, scarce personal resources and a deficiency of attending to her ain demands, represents the state of affairs of many carers in the UK, particularly so those who have or have had duties as a immature carer. . Research by Aldridge and Becker, ( 1999, p.306 ) suggests that kids who provide caring support to parents with mental unwellness will be more susceptible to increased degrees of anxiousness, depression, fright, alteration in behavioral and societal forms every bit good as being more at hazard of transmittal of the peculiar parental status . As caring moves through into maturity the hereafter tends to stay black and research from the Health and Social Care Information Centre ( 2010 ) studies increased grounds of hapless wellness, low income and a general sense of hopelessness for carers in the visible radiation of ongoing cuts to societal attention budgets. The chance for any important betterment is every bit cheerless. In sing the inside informations of this instance the eclectic and brooding nature of societal work is an attack that seems suited for the complexnesss back uping people with mental ailment wellness, peculiarly the of all time altering presentations of people who have a diagnosing of marginal personality upset. Payne ( 2009, p.100 ) describes the utility of these attacks in instance work foregrounding how practicians can follow and utilize theories together, possibly all at one time or possibly in turn or utilize different theories in different instances . Because this method requires important accomplishment and understanding Payne cites Epstein ( 1992 ) who suggests that flexible squad attacks to contemplation, argument and application offer a utile manner frontward to the bringing of flexible moment to minute pattern in response to complex instances. Payne ( 2009 ) identifies systems theory as being an of import facet of eclectic method. Pincus and Minahan ( 1973 ) applied the a ttack to societal work pattern and depict three types of system these being informal or natural ( friends/family ) , formal ( community groups, etc. ) and social systems ( hospital/schools, etc. ) . Peoples with mental wellness jobs are likely to hold some trouble in utilizing assisting systems to better their wellness, life experiences and general wellbeing. Using systems theory involves placing the point, and jobs persons experience in the interactions with their environment. The stages of this include measuring ; making/negotiating contracts ; forming/coordinating actions ; re-forming and influencing action systems ; ending alteration attempts. Payne ( 2005 ) extends the application of this attack and makes clear links to ecological systems theory, crisis theory/models and undertaking centred working. The application of these, peculiarly crisis intercession, could work in connexion with Ruth s current troubles and potentially offers short term span toward longer term curative wo rk. However in following this attack it is deserving sing the cautiousness raised by Doel ( 2009 ) and he notes that if done ill than crisis/task centred work can go inflexible, everyday and possibility lead to some degree of societal control. Doel suggests utilizing these methods should be accompanied by developing that considers factors such as values, attitudes and their application in pattern. Sherry ( 2007 ) identifies the increasing consideration and application of fond regard theory ( Bowlby 1973 ) in the causing of marginal personality upset and cites legion influences as menaces to attachment in childhood. Hazard factors in this respect include sexual injury ( Laporte A ; Guttman, 1996 ) , parental disregard ( Paris, 1997, 1998 ) , household instability and emotional disregard all of which are considered to lend to the development of personality manners in big life. For practicians, the logical thinking of Ivey 1989 who suggested utmost behavior by clients could be linked to their development history and the manner they respond and bring intending to their experiences in ulterior life. Therefore hapless parenting experienced by Ruth could hold been instrumental portion in the development of behaviors that for her now carry the label of marginal personality upset ( West A ; Sheldon-Keller ( 1994 ) . Therefore the assemblage of information in appraisal procedures can be a important factor in working out the manner and content of societal work intercession. In sing the tracts of person who experiences important mental wellness issues it is clear that from many positions that society perceptual experiences, life chances and thereby single wellbeing are compromised in many countries of life. The battle for a more balanced and supportive attack to mental wellness has been carried by the service user/survivor motion for many old ages and the demand for reform has led to many runs. It is easy to understand the demand secure better intervention and push through system reforms given subjugation, rejection and widespread ignorance that characterises the history of mental wellness in the UK. Ferguson ( 2008 ) foreground how the now recognized place of the subsister motions forcing for greater acknowledgment of the predicament of people with mental wellness issues came from the digesting effects of stigma, impotence, inequality and segregation which have been utilised to force governmental thought and maintain mental wellness, wellbeing and socie tal attention as political issues. The battle for improved rights and chance among the subsister motion merely truly collected gait in the 1970s ( Campbell 1996 ) ( Beresford, 1997 ) and in the early phases tended to concentrate on little scale self-help and common support enterprises. More late there has been greater, towards collective national runs refering intervention, reacting the alterations of the mental wellness statute law and broader battles to alter attitudes and apprehensions of lunacy and hurt. This has been cardinal to switching the stigma of mental wellness and clearly it is something that needs to go on. General concerns expressed by Campbell ( 2005 ) link good to Ruth s state of affairs and the urgent structural concerns that tend to convey of poorness, deficiency of chance, isolation, ennui, hopelessness and therefore a go oning committedness to province imposed legal and medical limitations are clearly relevant to the instance survey. Evidence of the negative impact of mental sick wellness can be found in the wellness inequalities highlighted in research carried out for the Disability Rights Commission in 2006 which showed that people with terrible mental unwellness are at higher hazard of sick wellness across a figure of conditions. Their study Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap highlighted increased incidence of clinical fleshiness, coronary bosom disease, diabetes, high blood force per unit area among people with terrible mental wellness issues. It besides noted higher hazards in connexion with people developing high blood force per unit area, shot, respiratory jobs and intestin e and chest malignant neoplastic disease. They are besides more likely to smoke. Although the grounds for this inequality are complex and have far making deductions for public wellness policy shapers, the effect remains that people who experience long-run mental ailment wellness dice on mean 5 to 10 old ages younger than other people, frequently from preventable unwellnesss. The response to this research and the continued focal point on issues of inequality, unfairness and stigma by administrations such as Rethink Mental Illness is yielded some important consequences with increased focal point on physical wellness being pursued within community mental wellness squads, increased focal point on speaking therapies and Mental Health ( Discrimination ) Bill traveling through to the House of Lords for farther argument. ( Rethink, 2012 ) However it is progressively evident that people with a diagnosing of marginal personality upset are capable to a specific type of stigma and favoritism that impacts on the relationships that are cardinal to accomplishing to accomplishing some degree of stableness in their lives, these being the therapeutic links with practicians within community mental wellness services. Ruth s status unluckily fits in with the perceptual experience held amongst professionals that it is about or wholly untreatable. Personality disordered patients are frequently described as the patient physiatrists disfavor and are frequently viewed as clip cachexia, hard, attending seeking, and manipulative bed blockers. ( Hadden A ; Haigh, 2002 ) . Having antecedently highlighted the significance of person-centred theory and attacks in developing curative confederations, it is supremely that favoritism within assisting professions can be raised so easy as cardinal restricting factor. Markham ( 2003 ) high spots multiple differences in the reactions of professional staff towards people who have a diagnosing of BPD. The suggestion is that the label leads to increased societal rejection, deceased optimism and acceptance of two-channel typical attitudes by staff hence making hazard of less favorable and thereby effectual intervention every bit compared to other groups of people with terrible and digesting mental wellness issues. As might be expected, the research draws to a great extent on labelling theory: The negative service user experience detailed by Wright A ; Jones ( 2012 ) in typifies Ruth s historical curative tract and include direct quotation marks that are clearly relevant: Rightly or wrongly, I interpreted the label as a mark that I was basically flawed, that the bad parts of me far outweighed any good properties that might besides be portion of my personality aˆÂ ¦and being told that I had a personality upset and that there was no remedy or intervention. The illation was that I was merely made this manner and that was the terminal of it. The article besides highlights the findings of Pilgrim ( 2001 ) who suggest that hapless responses to personality upset occur because causes are non known and that intervention results are frequently unpredictable and undependable. In sing this sort of grounds, it is easy to understand Ruth s surrender following another A A ; E admittance which in her head will convey approximately yet another dissatisfying rhythm curative hopelessness with small opportunity of any success. ( should this paragraph be justified or left centred? ) The state of affairs raised in the instance survey typifies many of the negative issues associated with the support that people with a diagnosing of marginal personality upset receive: dismissive attitudes, inconsistent attacks and autocratic attacks seem to be consistent subjects and are evidently non altering the nature and results of curative intercessions. While it might be hard at this phase, it seems of import for Ruth to take some duty perchance self-managing some grade of the presenting hazard which is consistent with the counsel provided by Wright and Jones ( 2012 ) and is besides in line with best pattern as detailed in the NICE counsel ( 2009 ) . This should be clearly stated within the attention program. Mead and Copland ( 2000 ) suggest that people are able to turn through positive hazards taking and that authorization through individual centred support can reframe typical service user response to hard, crisis state of affairss. Practically this can be supported through clear and effectual attention planning and this should be built into an person s intervention and crisis program. Ruth, along with her attention coordinator, should carefully see schemes to pull off ague and chronic hazards developing and integrating these in the attention program as appropriate. This will guarantee consistence when the attention coordinator is absent, guaranting that Ruth s attention and support follows boundaries and consistence agreed with her and thereby guaranting she is treated with self-respect, regard and compassion. Although hazard to self which Sherry ( 2007 ) clearly links to the diagnosing of marginal personality upset must be responded to in the context of community mental wellness services, admittance to psychiatric inpatient unit should merely take topographic point as a last resort and the least restrictive options should be pursued. The stepped attention theoretical account offers a utile statutory response and if hazards remain elevated so Ruth should be considered foremost for the high strength squad so a referral crisis declaration and place intervention squad, notwithstanding any negativeness that may environ her historical presentations. If possible excess support from attention coordinator would be the ideal solution, as this would use the curative relationship in topographic point to back up and steer Ruth through her crisis. In systematically disputing state of affairss Ruth s attention coordinator could besides research with Ruth and Megan a autonomous support ( SDS ) bundle. Th is bundle could back up with activities of her pick and it is possible for this to be used for Ruth to research and entree some community resources hence constructing societal webs for Ruth and alleviating Megan of some of the force per unit area of her carer s function. Hatton and Waters ( 2011 ) place the comparative success of SDS/personalisation in connexion with people sing mental wellness issues and this is at its most good when persons pursue direct payments and unafraid support on their ain footings. Whichever option in footings of ongoing support is chosen so it seems that there is demand for a more collaborative, shared attack both in connexion with hazard and besides around longer-term support schemes. The work and theories of Rogers ( 1956, 1957 ) specify the nucleus conditions of reding including unconditioned positive respect ( UPR ) , empathy and congruity for curative relationships to win peculiarly so in the context of personality alteration. It is of import to observe that this is a value based attack and religion that the individual can determine their ain positive hereafter if the status highlighted above can be provided. It is non a set of tools and techniques that can be turned on and off to accommodate practician demands at a given clip or chance. It links good to considerations around motivational attacks and Ruth s and Megan s desire to travel on is a good index in this respect. Basically, by following humanistic attacks, the purpose is to develop a form of inter action and support which keeps Ruth centrally involved in the nature and form of the curative relationship which will of course affect cardinal determinations about, hazard, intervention options, attention planning and end planning. Clearly this type of interaction is hard to sketch to all involved professionals but careful entries and appraisal within electronic records can assist significantly in modifying the responses all statutory workers who may meet Ruth in the professional work. If this person-centred attack is adopted so it will stand for a important displacement in the attention and support Ruth has received in her short psychiatric calling .

Leadership In Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership In Healthcare - Essay Example Leadership is a dynamic process (Cooper, 2003) and there are, great variations in the definition of leadership, however, it is widely agreed that for a leader it is imperative to have a vision through which they can inspire their followers (Donnelly, 2003). The followers must have trust in the vision and mission of the leader and the leader act as the role model for them. Earlier leadership was seen as the managerial task, however, now it is recognized currently that leaders can be identified from within their team for particular tasks and cannot essentially have a responsibility of identified official within the organization ‎ (Beech, 2002) ‎.  Leadership plays a vital role in the field of healthcare also. The senior nurses have a leader role within the national health services and the healthcare organizations like NHS would not be able to provide services to the people adequately if they don’t have people working as leaders at different positions like nurses an d healthcare administrator etc. ‎ (Fielder, 1967) ‎  I strongly believe that any person could act as the leader if he has the capabilities and skills to lead a group of people. There is no need of having any university degree to become a leader but the skills can help a person to lead a group of followers.  Transformational Leadership: Transformational leadership is combined with democratic styles of leadership. ‎This relates leaders and supporters connected in a general goal. It is a leadership approach based on embracing transformation and supporting development (Dale, and Philogene, 2002).‎ in this style of leadership, the leader provides a visionary explanation for motivating the team so that they could be empowered to achieve their job.  Democratic: Democratic leadership has some resemblances to what ‎implemented to be earlier defined a ‘charismatic’ style (Department of Health, 2005).  

Biology and Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biology and Psychology - Essay Example The psychological state of anger,fear or ability to understand differs from one being to another (individualistically) yet it does not differ from an organism to another -this depends on how it has from efforts and abilities to react and act according to what it is able to do and unable to do physically. The dimensions of one abling himself to understand what their abilities could be and what he could get from reactions both categorized as pleasant and unpleasant could allow him to fail or succeed in what he wants to do and is able to get from things and objects of pleasurea and desirable to him. The way of receiving and perceiving things makes one able or unable to get thoughts and actions properly fit together to be able to find a way of compromising how to work in a certain frame to be able to get what he wants and push away what he does noit want. Such things exist such as in obesity which occurs when one has a feeding disorder and is unable to stop because the food pleasure is something which takes their mind off something else and is unable to get other pleasures such as attracting the females in his life. This biological defect brings him to seclusion, deluding ideas and inability to communicate in a manner to be able to find the pleasure he would like to have outside the sphere of food. Yet not all people have this problem who are obese. A lot of people are unable to get thoughts out of their minds which help them not work what they want they want which brings them to be dysfuntional in their ability to face the 'fear factor' of refusal,discharge from a job due to lack of beauty,etc. Yet,although this affects a great number of people,alot of obese people live a normal life by adjusting to their desires of food for the fun of eating and loving food and the fact that they are humurous and sociable and a well wished for companion in a party. Another example of thoughts which affect the biology of the person is the fact that they could not think properly and adjust their ideas to fit what they want and are unable to get what they seem to wish for and want due to the fact that they could not keep up with the track of ideas they have in their minds. This occurs due to an inability to face and track the speed of thoughts that occur in the mind and heart from confused feelings weld and yielded by the inability to handle the self and thus results in the fact that they become explosive as a manner of what they think is a relieving of the ideas and thoughts that rush through their veins and ideas and thoughts do not leave but just fester inside and help the person just take up such belief as a habit. Biological factors and differences in hormone diffusions inside the body do not show or work the fact that such physiological differences between man and woman,child and adult have any effect except for the way that they arrange their thoughts and ideas and how they understand themselves and how they frame the meaning of communicating and how they understand the other and what it means to them to face the other and what they need and desire the resulting actions of communications to be with such people. Also,grammatical and lexical meanings in the

Passive Loss- Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Passive Loss- Taxation - Essay Example Passive activity Trade and rental activities are the two kinds of passive activities. In trade or business activities, the taxpayer does not take part in a material sense throughout the duration of the year, while in rental activities, it is regardless of the taxpayer's material participation unless he or she is into real estate by profession. Deducting passive loss from a taxpayer can only extend to their passive income. According to Section 469(c)(2), any rental activity is under the classification of passive activities unless the taxpayer will materially participate in a real property trade or business during the year as well as performing personal services exceeding 750 hours. Any excess of the 750 hours corresponds to more than 50% of the personal services that the taxpayer has carried throughout all trades or businesses. An activity may also be considered non-passive if it is under a lease entered into after Feb. 18, 1988, and in which the taxpayer is renting property to a trad e or business wherein the taxpayer has material participation. Taxpayers are entitled to as much as $25,000 passive losses deduction from a rental real estate activity if he or she owns at least a 10% interest and has active participation in the activity. The availability of the sum total of the $25,000 limit is dependent on whether the adjusted gross income (AGI) is less than $100,000, though even this has gone through a gradual phasing out as the AGI increased to $150,000. (Internal Revenue Code) Of late, the Tax Court ruled in favor of the IRS in two cases, without any real relation, on the same day which involved the passive loss regulations for rental activities. Due to the taxpayer's inability to establish his activities qualification as a real property trade or business which should fall under the exception of 469(c)(7) of the Internal Revenue Code, the court ascertained that the taxpayer's rental activity was passive. On the latter case, the court determined under the "self- rental" rule of Treasury Regulation that a taxpayer's rental activity was not passive. (Reichert, 2008) Another example is the case of Carolyn Fenderson who owns 10 rental housing units, coming up with an aggregated loss of $57, 906. She filed an amended 2002 tax return way back in 2005, which included the lists of the rental income and deductions on Schedule C. She has an AGI exceeding $150, 000 and is without other passive incomes. In order to deduce the $57,906 loss, treating the activity as a non-passive real property trade or business was a necessity. After scrutinizing her calendar records, the Tax Court only accepted 759 hours out of the 1,062 hours of personal service for the rental activity she was claiming, against the 780 hours on her other job as a software sales account manager, thereby failing the 50% test for the activity Gregory Farris had a 50% interest in a partnership, renting three buildings in 1985 to his law firm which he also had a partnership with. After the execution of a new lease in 1990, another was brought forth in 1992 due to the incorporation of the law firm because of the destruction of the original document. After Farris acquired sole ownership of the rental property, a new lease was once again brought forth in 2000. In the years 2000, 2001 and 2002, Farris' claim is such that the net passive income from the property were $34,839, $46,168, and $48,391, thus enabling him to deduct equal passive losses. The IRS

Media Representation: Body Images

Media Representation: Body Images Images of female bodies can be seen everywhere. Womens bodies are seen on commercials and billboards selling everything from food to cars. Popular actresses on television and in movies are becoming younger, taller and thinner. We hear many stories in the news about actresses fainting on set from lack of food all the time. Gender and body image is portrayed negatively in many different ways throughout the media in todays society. It is estimated that we are exposed to over 3,000 advertisements every day. This makes advertisements a very powerful educational force in society. It can be seen that advertisements sell more than just products. They sell values, images and concepts, love and sexuality, and popularity and normalcy. They ultimately tell us who we are and what we should strive to be. Men, women, teens, boys, and girls all identify people by how they look, to body size and shape, to clothes, as well as hairstyles. Therefore, the way we view our body and image can have a large impact on the way we feel about ourselves. For the most people, especially with adolescents, body image is strongly influenced by mass media and advertising. When looking into advertising within media representation and self body image one can see how powerful of an outlet advertising can be in our current society (Advertising: Its everywhere, 2010). Advertisers emphasize body image and the importance of physical attractiveness in order to sell products. They hope to persuade society that something needs to be added or fixed, because what we have is either not enough or good enough to meet the high demands that society puts on satisfaction. Womens magazines are full of articles convincing women that if they can just lose those a little more weight, then they can have the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career. The standard of beauty that is imposed on women is difficult to achieve and maintain and therefore, the cosmetic and diet product industries are sure to profit and grow off the high beauty standard. It is no surprise that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty in todays society. Aging is looked at in the media as an issue that needs to be dealt with and ultimately stopped all together (Gerber, 2010). Adolescents are the main target for most media outlets because they are particularly vulnerable and inexperienced consumers. They are still learning their values and roles and developing their self-concepts. Most adolescents are sensitive to peer pressure and find it difficult to resist (Kilbourne, 1999, p.129). This constant exposure to negative body image advertisements may influence individuals to become self-conscious about their bodies and to obsess over their physical appearance. The beauty industry is an extremely large industry that profits off the negative self-esteem and body image of many women in todays society. Women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion dollars a year selling temporary weight loss products (Cummings, 2005). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls. The American research group Anorexia Nervosa Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control, such as fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative abuse, and self-induced vomiting (National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2010) . The Canadian Womens Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6 years old (The Canadian Womens Health Network, 2005). Another study conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, notes that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner and as a result, they have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting (Clark, 2006). In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that fifty to seventy percen t of normal weight girls believe they are overweight (Gibbons, 2003).Overall research indicates that ninety percent of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way (The Canadian Womens Health Network, 2005). Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight (Kilbourne, 1999, p. 47). Many of the media images of female beauty are unattainable a majority of women. The media continues to set unrealistic standards for what body size and appearance is considered normal. If you look through any magazine or turn on the television, you would see collarbones, hipbones, cheekbones and rib cages as the overall trend in Hollywood. Celebrities like Mary-Kate Olsen and Nicole Richie, both of whom have been reported to have eating disorders, can be seen in designer clothing with designer handbags and gorgeous men along with them. This is the model of success for many adolescent girls. Most of these girls look up to and admire these celebrities and are therefore taught at a young age that Barbie is how a woman is supposed to look; tall, blonde, big breasts, and extremely thin. Barbie in reality is so thin that her weight and body proportions are not only unattainable, but also unhealthy (Gerber, 2010).. Researchers have generated a computer model with Barbie-doll proportions and have found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad president of Mattel, the manufacturer of Barbie, estimated that ninety nine percent of girls between the ages of 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll (Greenwald, 1996). Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences (Gerber, 2010). Researchers report that womens magazines have more ads and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of womens magazines include at least one message about how to change a womans bodily appearance through either diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery (Gerber, 2010). Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a womans worth. Canadian researcher, Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies and eighty percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter (Gerber, 2010). Billboards are one of the largest forms of advertisement. Advertisers tend to make these advertisements especially memorable so they dont go unnoticed. Sometimes, they overlook and take it too far. An example of this was a billboard advertising one of NBCs popular television shows, Friends. The billboard glamorized anorexia by picturing the three female stars of the show and beside them the phrase Cute anorexic chicks. The caption was originally meant to be looked at as a joke regarding the accusations towards the three women of having eating disorders and unhealthy exercise habits, which all of them denied. Although the billboard was removed immediately, it illustrated a spectrum of ads promoting harmful body ideals (Smith, 1999). What may really make a difference in this unhealthy trend are organizations that promote fighting back against the standards that the media presents. An organization that has helped do just that is the About-Face Organization. About-Face is a San Francisco based media literacy organization that concentrates on the effect of the mass media on the physical, mental, and emotional health of females. About-Face encourages personal activism against the thin body ideal. Since 1995 About-Face has been providing education and resources on this subject through research that indicates a relation between exposure to the idealized female in the media and the occurrence of eating disorders (About-Face, 1996). Another organization to promote positive body image is Dove. In 2004, Dove launched the very successful Campaign for Real Beauty which features real women, not models, advertising Doves products. The advertisement is composed of six women all with perfect skin, hair, and teeth. The only thing that is looked at as not perfect is their weight. The women within the Dove advertisement are supposed to portray real women instead of extremely thin models in in hopes to offset the unrealistically thin and unhealthy images associated with modeling and advertisements in an effort to widen the stereotype of beauty and boost sales in the process. The slogan real women have curves as well as the campaigns Web site, which features quotes from each of the Campaign for Real Beauty models, does a great job of capturing the overall message of real beauty (Dove, 2010) . The Campaign for Real Beauty has had a huge impact and response throughout the world. The six women in the U.S. ads are featured in national television spots, magazine advertisements, print advertisements and billboards in major urban markets in North America and similar campaign ads are being run throughout the world by Dove as well. The campaign and its influence on body image have been the topic of many newspapers and blogs, receiving mostly praise, but like any other media outlet, some criticism as well. Some question the legitimacy of real beauty messaging through commercial beauty products along with how the ads might affect women who still do not fit in with the portrayal of beauty in the Dove advertisements. Although the women are not touched up, the models in the series are still smaller than the average American woman at size 14. These women can be paid far less, but they can also break the sameness of advertising (Corbett, 2006). All of this attention is what Dove was really striving for in order to get the message across. According to a press release, Dove wants to make women feel more beautiful every day by challenging todays stereotypical view of beauty and inspiring women to take great care of themselves. The use of women of various ages, shapes and sizes is designed to provoke discussion and debate about todays typecast beauty images (Prior, 2004). According to a study conducted by Dove, only two percent of women describe themselves as beautiful. Sixty three percent strongly agree that society expects women to enhance their physical attractiveness. Forty five percent of women feel women who are more beautiful have greater opportunities in life. The study also looked at the degree in which mass media has played in portraying and communicating an unrealistic view of beauty. More than two thirds of women strongly agree that the media and advertising set an unrealistic standard of beauty that most women coul d not ever achieve. Women feel they are surrounded images unrealistic beauty. The majority wish female beauty was portrayed in the media as being made up of more than just physical attractiveness. Seventy five percent went on to say that they wish the media did a better job of portraying women of diverse physical attractiveness, including age, shape, and size (Dove, 2010). Other advertisers have also been departing from the idealistic body type. In the Just Do It campaign, Nike features muscular, disembodied thighs and butts, labeled Thunder Thighs and Big Butt. These advertisements are very important to understanding the media representation and body image of the direction that society will be heading. It is important to take action with the media and society like represented with the Dove campaign, in order to try and change the trend and get women to love being who they are, no matter what their size, and love the uniqueness of their own body (Corbett, 2006). Another media outlet that should not go unnoticed is the digital media. In todays society this plays a very important role. A great example of this is shown through Doves Evolution video. The video starts off with what appears to be a normal woman and is magically transformed into a beautiful supermodel and placed on a billboard. By using a computer, the womans face is geometrically changed and made to look perfectly proportioned. The video shows people that absolutely perfect faces and bodies are not only rare but nonexistent in many cases (Postrel, 2007). In Madrid, one of the many popular fashion capitals, thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life womens bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement. This project is hoped to help fight the perception that thin equals beautiful. Milan has also jumped on the idea and also banned ultra thin models from fashion week in 2006 in hopes that models will start to become more healthy sizes (Woolls, 2008). Twenty years ago, the average model weighed eight percent less than the average woman. Todays models weigh twenty three percent less. Advertisers are convinced that thin models sell products and that thin is in. When the Australian magazine New Woman recently included a picture of a heavy-set model on its cover, there was an instant backlash of grateful readers praising the change. The advertisers were less then pleased however. They complained and the magazine soon returned to featuring bone-thin models. Advertising Age International concluded that the incident made clear the influence wielded by advertisers who remain convinced that only thin models spur the sales of beauty products (Gerber, 2010). Mainstream media representations also plays a role in reinforcing ideas about what it means to be a real man in our society. Most media sources portray male characters as rewarding for self-control and controlling of others, aggressive and violent, financially independent, and physically desirability. Although distorted body images have been known to affect women and girls, there is a growing awareness regarding the pressure for men and boys to appear more muscular. Many males are becoming more insecure about their physical appearance due to advertising and other media images that raise the standard and idealize well-built men. Advertising images have been accused of setting unrealistic ideals for males, and men and boys are beginning to risk their health to achieve the well-built media standard (Eating disorders: Body image and advertising, 2008). Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Womens Magazines found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of color, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to 2004. An experiment was designed to view the effects of counter stereotypical portrayals on readers. The research showed that exposure to articles featuring counter stereotypical depictions of women of color tended to evaluate the occupational expectations of women of color among white readers but not people of color (Covert, 2008). In article on African American women and beauty ideals, it is stated that Black women are less vulnerable than white women to reacting negatively is they dont match the ideals pervading prime-time television shows and magazines, according to studies (Smith, 2004). African American women pay little attention to thin images of white women and have better body images than white women, though heavier and unhealthier. African American women have disregarded the idea of thin, pretty white woman as unattainable for themselves and as unimportant to others in the black community (Smith, 2004). It is also found in research that black women were less likely to exhibit signs of bulimia (Smith, 2004). When you think of sexy black women in the media, many would instantly think of Beyonce, Rihanna, or Tyra Banks. However, some would argue that though they are ethnically black, they are whiteified. Their hair has been dyed blonde, straightened hair, and even skin lightened. This is sending a negative message to the darker skinned African American women that they are not beautiful (How the media destroys black beauty, 2010). Some other examples of media sources lighting the skin of African American celebrities by using Photoshop and special lighting techniques is recently shown in Gabourey Sidibes Elle 25th Anniversary Cover. Though the magazine denies the accusations, this is not the first time this has been brought to everyones attention (Everett, 2010). Beyonce Knowles has also been represented several skin shades darker in her LOreal Paris magazine advertisements. Even after the company made a statement claiming this was untrue, many find this hard to believe (Guardian News Media , 2008). Other celebrities to undergo the supposed Photoshop skin lightening include OJ Simpson, Mariah Carey, and even President Obama. The message that media gives about thinness, dieting and beauty tells ordinary women that they are always in need of adjustment. The female body is looked at as an object to be perfected (Gerber, 2010). Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real womens bodies have become invisible in the mass media. This statement implies that the constant exposure of images and texts suggests the idea that the thinner a woman is, the better she is. This has a strong influence on women which then contributes to eating disorders and low self esteem issues. Kilbourne concludes that many women internalize these stereotypes and therefore judge themselves by the beauty industrys standards (Kilbourne, 2010). Some may blame society for accepting negative representation of media. However, it is going to take the media to make a change through better marketing choices and a better view of body image and self-esteem. We are bombarded with images of perfect women and men everyday, whether it is on our favorite television shows, movies, magazines and music. The majority of the women are tall, thin and beautiful and the men are muscular, tanned and seductive. People who do not fall within this media induced norm are left without models to look up to. Instead, they give in to the cosmetic and diet product industry and try to alter their bodies to what they have been told is beautiful. Adolescent girls and boys are constantly striving to acquire an unattainable physique. Across the nation, millions of teens struggle with eating disorders and borderline conditions. With the help of Organizations like the About-Face Organization and programs like the Doves Campaign for Real Beauty, body image can s oon be embraced by men and women of all ages, sizes, and skin color. Work Cited Advertising: Its Everywhere. Media Awareness Network. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Body Image and the Media. The Canadian Womens Health Network. 2005. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Clark, L. and Tiggemann, M. (2006), Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction. Social Development, 15: 628-643. Cummings, By Laura. BBC NEWS The Diet Business: Banking on Failure. BBC News Home. 5 Feb. 2003. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Campaign for Real Beauty. Dove. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Corbett, Rachel. Doves Larger Models Spur Sales and Attention. Womens ENews. 29 Jan. 2006. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Covert, J. J., and T. L. Dixon. A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Womens Magazines. Communication Research 35.2 (2008): 232-56. Eating Disorders: Body Image and Advertising HealthyPlace. HealthyPlace.com. 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Everett, Cristina. Elle Magazine Accused of Digitally Lightening Gabourey Sidibes Skin on October Cover. NY Daily News. 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Gerber, Robin. Beauty and Body Image in the Media. Media Awareness Network. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Guadian News Media. LOreal Denies whitening Beyonce Knowles Skin in Cosmetics Ad. Buzzle Web Portal. 8 Aug. 2008. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Gibbons, Sheila. Teen Magazines Send Girls All the Wrong Messages. Womens ENews. 29 Oct. 2003. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Greenwald, John, Valerie Marchant, and Jacqueline Savaiano. BARBIE BOOTS UP TIME. TIME.com. 11 Nov. 1996. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . How The Media Destroys Black Beauty | Socyberty. Socyberty: Society on the Web. 24 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Kilbourne, Jean. Beautyand the Beast of Advertising. Center for Media Literacy. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Kilbourne, Jean. Cant Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York: Simon Schuster, 1999. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Postrel, Virginia. The Truth about Beauty. The Atlantic (2007): 1-3. Prior, Molly. Dove Ad Campaign Aims to Redefine Beauty Womens Wear Daily, October 8, 2004. Smith, Dakota. Black Women Ignore Many of Medias Beauty Ideals. Womens ENews. 10 June 2004. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Smith, Katie. Effect of the Media on Eating Disorders. Effect of the Media on Eating Disorders. 23 Nov. 1999. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Woolls, Daniel. Spain to Make Clothes for Real Women. USATODAY.com. 7 Feb. 2008. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. .

Hitler Fell....... :: essays research papers fc

Hitler Fell...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many aspects of World War Two have been the cause for debate for many years. Not only has the loss of Germany been discussed at great lengths, also have the reasons. It can be said that although much thought and fact has been taken into consideration when discussing Germany's loss as a whole; not as much attention has been given to that of the loss of Hitler as a man and a leader. Germany's loss of World War Two was not only a loss on behalf of the country as a whole, but a personal loss to Hitler. Why was this such a loss to Hitler? Why did he experience a personal downfall? How did he create his own demise? There are many reasons as to why this is so, but the fact that his ideas were behind the war is a reason why it was not only Germany's downfall, but Hitler's also. He was a man of influence in Germany; the timing was right, and he was in the hot spot. He was the leader of a highly populated European country, he wanted more for himself and for his people. He h ad ideas, he made decisions based on them. What were his ideas? What was behind them, what did he intend them to accomplish? Where did they lead, and how did this lead to a countrywide and worldwide loss, and even a personal loss? In discussing some of Hitler's ideas such as, lebensraum (which ties in with treaty issues), purity of the state of Germany and a zeal for his people and the desire to make changes for the betterment of his country; it will be seen that although his ideas might have been initally pure, they led to the war, the downfall of Germany and ultimately Hitler's own personal demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What were his ideas? What were his visions for a more pure Germany? What did he want for his people, for himself? Firstly, today, Hitler is seen as a white supremacist. He wanted all of Germany to be pure. Why was this so? In Germany at the time, the economic status of the country was not very good. Hitler saw the Jews as to be shrewd business people who were taking advantage of the poor German economic situation. They were convincing the lay German people to sell their land (which was all they had) for the German Deutsch mark, which was virtually worthless.

Mendocino Triple Junction

The deformational chronicles of the tectonic plates is examined from the standpoint of movement of the numerous faults bounded by the structural topography and environment and by the fault kinematics connected with the lately industrialized San Andreas transform margin. Accumulation and subduction are continuing underneath the continental margin north of the Mendocino fracture zone, with the linkage from the San Andreas fault system from the south. The continuous deformation due to the interactions among the Gorda, Pacific, and North American plates are collectively called the Mendocino Triple Junction. The Mendocino Triple Junction stands for the setting of extreme change in plate tectonic processes from the convergence in the Cascadia subduction (north of the Mendocino Triple Junction) and the translation in the San Andreas system (south of the Mendocino Triple Junction. The abrupt changes form this tectonic processes resulted in the dramatic change in the thermic region in North America and the evolution in the lithosphere formation in the said region (Dickinson and Snyder, 561; Lachenbruch and Sass, 195-197; Zandt and Furlong, 377-378). The unstable intersection of the fault zones called the Mendocino Triple Junction divided the Pacific region, and North America, including North California. The meeting point The Mendocino Triple Junction is an unstable triple junction located in the North California west coast that is comprised of the intersection of the Pacific Plate, the North American Plate, and the Gorda Plate (Oppeheimer et al. 1666). The junction has complex plate activities due to seismic destructive above 6.5 in magnitude earthquakes that occurred over the past 100 years (Dengler et al., 48-50). The positioning of the Mendocino Triple Junction has transferred from its original location in the Los Angeles latitude to Cape Mendocino over the last decades. (Jachens and Griscom, 9380-9385).    One of its junctions, the San Andreas Fault, is located in the northwest-southwest portion of North America and the Pacific. The Pacific Plate moves northward simultaneously as the North American Plate moves to another region to collide with the Pacific Plate (Henstock, doi:10.1029/2001JB000902). The precise location of the San Andreas Fault is not established because of the complexities of the area (Simlila, 1402). Since the year 1800, statistics have shown that seven earthquakes have taken place with the least of magnitude four in the scale (Kelsey and Carver, 4799-4811). Another junction in the Mendocino group is the Cascadia subduction zone that is located north of the Mendocino Triple Junction. The 15-degree subduction angle continues to escalate as the depth of the subducting plate increases (Dengler et al., 45). Earthquakes in this area occur after 300 to 560 years, depending upon ruptures if the zone crossing point (Clarke and Carver, 190). The last area to be included in the Mendocino Triple Junction is the Gorda plate. The eastward movement of the Gorda Plate caused a clockwise movement in the Juan de Fuca plates, a plate formerly part of the Gorda region. The Mendocino zone remained still while the Gorda Plate repositions itself and interacts simultaneously with the Pacific Plate, therefore, increasing its deformation over time (Stoddard, 11527-11529). The Mendocino Fault is a zone located between the Pacific Plate in the south and the Gorda Plate in the north. The lateral movement of this fault contributed to seismic activities in Cape Mendocino, extending to the coast of the Gorda Plate. Earthquakes have been reported along the Mendocino Fault in 1994 as the most recent and massive tectonic plate movements with an intensity of 7.4 (Dengler et al., 45-50). In this actively deforming area, imbricate thrusts and the axes of folds overlying blind thrusts in the accretion prism offshore are oriented west-northwest and project southeastward  to align with several moderately low- to steep-dipping faults onshore. In the onshore region, the rocks bounded by these faults correspond to increasingly more distal parts of the uplifted accretion margin from northeast to southwest. The underlying problem is then rooted in the steep-dipping Pacific-North American plate boundary and to be related to ongoing northward propagation of the San Andreas movement. The area south of Cape Mendocino is significantly associated with the Pacific-North American faulting and the transformation of the plate boundary. The Future of Mendocino Triple Junction: The history of the activities in the Mendocino Triple Junction can be a potential benchmark for the cause and intensity of future earthquakes, tectonic plate ruptures, and ground breakdown. The rupture in the plates is the immediate effect of the activities happening in the Mendocino Triple Junction. Ground shaking can deliberately have an effect to structures, which is measured in the logarithmic scale to determine the intensity of the earthquake. Ground shaking is accountable for most loss of life and man-made property destruction throughout an earthquake so the importance of historical evaluation and earthquake assessment can help in the improvement of building and architectural designs and standards. The shaking intensity during an earthquake is dependent on the position of the land area hit by the massive ground activity, the type of soil and the slope of the vicinity, and its distance from the earthquake’s epicenter. Seismologists have monitored that a number of regions tend to repetitively encounter robust seismic trembling than other zones. This is due to the ground beneath these regions is comparatively soft than the other parts of the district. Soft soils intensify and amplify ground Soft soils also intensify shear waves, creating a more hazardous and damaging effects on any structure lay on the ground. Individuals living in the area that have experienced strong earthquakes will be likely to suffer strong earthquakes in the future depending upon the distance of the region to the epicenter (source) of the massive ground shaking. Amplification is caused when a seismic wave moves through subsurface materials and is amplified to produce relatively higher horizontal and vertical motion. In contrast, bedrock has a tendency to dampen seismic waves and therefore reduce ground motion. About one-quarter of the entire earthquake energy released in California during historic times has occurred along the Humboldt County coast. The size, location, and frequency of past earthquakes give an indication of what to expect in the future. Strong earthquakes with epicenters onshore have recurred about every 20 years. Since the 1870s, the largest of the historic seismic activity in the area of the Mendocino Triple Junction reached a magnitude of 7.2, which took place in 1923. The Northern Coast affected areas have been the focal point in the Gorda Plate activity. The recurrence of the earthquakes in this area occurs every two years.   Neighborhood in the coastal expanse from Cape Mendocino to Eureka has been smashed into frequent ground shaking than the remainder of the Humboldt County. Earthquakes have hardly ever affected Northern Humboldt County in history. On the other hand, because the historic documentation is comparatively transitory, regions not distressed in the past may even be at danger. Massive and huge earthquakes have been a part of the lives on the north coast so residents ought to take measures to get ready for any earthquakes to come. Up to date earthquake activity consists of several large-scale happenings in the Cape Mendocino district. Three powerful earthquakes hit Cape Mendocino area, with magnitudes  of 7.1, 6.6, and 6.7, respectively , in 1992. A strong upheaval set upon the north coast in the Cape Mendocino area with a magnitude of 5.6 last January 1997. The earthquake was situated on the Mendocino fault extremely close to the Mendocino Triple Junction. The United States Geological Service (USGS) set up new building codes in preparation for the severe earthquakes in the Mendocino Triple Junction belt. â€Å"Building codes provide the first line of defense against future earthquake damage and help to ensure public safety,† said the USGS.   According to the records of USGS, historical accounts provided a â€Å"firm basis for revising building codes to more fully reflect the need for extra strength in structures built on soft ground.† â€Å"Designing and building large structures is always a challenge, and that challenge is compounded when they are built in earthquake-prone areas. More than 60 deaths and about six billion dollars in property damage resulted from the Loma Prieta earthquake (caused by the San Andreas Fault). As earth scientists learn more about ground motion during earthquakes and structural engineers use this information to design stronger buildings, such loss of life and property can be reduced.† Earthquake-resistant plan and construction are necessary to plummeting earthquake losses. These code amendments are a major step toward better earthquake safety to withstand large earthquakes can be further improved with groundwork bolts, cut off walls, and additional strengthening strategies. References Clarke S. H. Jr. and Carver G. A., Late holocene tectonics and paleoseismicity, southern Cascadia subduction zone, Science, 255:188-192, 1992. Dengler, L., G. Carver, and R. McPherson, Sources of north coast seismicity, Calif. Geol. 48, 43-53, 1992. Dengler, L., Moley, K., McPherson, R., Pasyanos, M., Dewey, J., and Muray, M, 1995, The September 1, 1994 Mendocino fault earthquake, California Geology, v. 48, p 43-53, 1995. Dickinson, W. R. and W.S. Snyder, Geometry of Triple junctions related to San Andreas transform, J. Geophys. Res., 84(#B2), 561-572, 1979. Henstock, T.J., and A. Levander, Structure and seismotectonics of the Mendocino Triple Junction, California, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B5, 2260), doi:10.1029/2001JB000902. Jachens, R.C. and A. Griscom, Three-dimensional geometry of the Gorda plate beneath northern Californa. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9375-9392, 1983. Kelsey, H.M. and G.A. Carver, Late Neogene and Quaternary tectonics associated with northward growth of the San Andreas fau lt, northern California. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4797-4819, 1988. Lachenbruch, A. H. and Sass, J. H., Thermo-mechanical aspects of the San Andras, in Proc. Conf. On the Tectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, edited by R. Kovach and A. Nur, 192-205, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973. Oppenheimer, D., G. Beroza, G. Carver, L. Dengler, J. Eaton, L. Gee, F. Gonzalez, A. Jayko, W.H. Li, M. Lisowski, M. Magee, G. Marshall, M. Murray, R. McPherson, B. Randall, G.R., Ammon, C.J, and Owens, T.J., Moment tensor estimation using regional seismograms from a Tibetan Plateau portable network deployment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1665-1668, 1995. Simila, G.W, Peppin, W.A., and McEvilly, T.V., Seismotectonics of the Cape Mendocino, California, area. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86, 1399-1406, 1976. Stoddard, P.R., A kinematic model for the evolution of the Gorda plate, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11524-11532, 1987. Zandt, G. and K. Furlong, Evolution and Thickness of the lithosphere ben eath coastal Caifornia, Geology, v. 10, 376-3

Yaxchilan - Classic Maya City-State in Mexico

Yaxchilan - Classic Maya City-State in Mexico Yaxchiln is a Classic period Maya site located on the riverbank of the Usamacinta river that borders the two modern countries of Guatemala and Mexico. The site lies within a horseshoe meander on the Mexican side of the river and today the site can only be reached by boat. Yaxchiln was founded in the 5th century AD and reached its maximum splendor in the 8th century AD. Famous for its more than 130 stone monuments, among which include carved lintels and stelae depicting images of royal life, the site also represents one of the most elegant examples of classic Maya architecture. Yaxchiln and Piedras Negras There are many extant and legible inscriptions in Maya hieroglyphs at Yaxchilan, which provide us a nearly unique glimpse into the political history of Maya city-states. At Yaxchilan, for most Late Classic rulers we have dates associated with their births, accessions, battles, and ceremonial activities, as well as their ancestors, descendants, and other kinsmen and companions. Those inscriptions also allude to an ongoing conflict with its neighbor Piedras Negra, located on the Guatemalan side of the Usumacinta, 40 kilometers (25 miles) upriver from Yaxchilan. Charles Gordon and colleagues from the Proyecto Paisaje Piedras Negras-Yaxchilan have combined archaeological data with information from the inscriptions at both Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras, compiling a political history of the intertwined and competing Maya city-states. Early Classic 350-600 AD: Both communities began as small cities during the Early Classic in the 5th and 6th centuries AD, when their royal dynasties were established. As early as the 5th century, a neutral zone existed between Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan that was not controlled by either polity; and warfare was limited to a few, unusual episodes of direct conflict.Late Classic 600-810 AD: During the Late Classic, the neutral zone was repopulated and transformed into a contested frontier. Warfare was most frequent in the 8th century AD  and involved the governors of secondary and tertiary centers loyal to each combatant.Between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, Yaxchiln gained power and independence under the rulers Itzamnaaj B’alam II and his son Bird Jaguar IV. Those rulers extended their dominion over other nearby sites and started an ambitious construction program that included most of what is visible on at Yaxchilan today. At about 808, Piedras Negras lost its ruler to Ya xchilan; but that victory was brief. Terminal Classic 810-950 AD: By 810, both polities were in decline and by AD 930, the region was essentially depopulated. Site Layout Visitors arriving at Yaxchiln for the first time will be mesmerized by the tortuous, dark passageway known as â€Å"the Labyrinth† leading into the main plaza, framed by some of the most important buildings of the site. Yaxchiln is made up of three major complexes: the Central Acropolis, the South Acropolis, and the West Acropolis. The site is built over a high terrace facing the Usumacinta river on the north and extending beyond there into the hills of the Maya lowlands. Main Buildings The heart of Yaxchilan is called the Central Acropolis, which overlooks the main plaza. Here the main buildings are several temples, two ballcourts, and one of the two hieroglyphic stairways. Located in the central acropolis, Structure 33 represents the apex of Yaxchiln architecture and its Classic development. The temple was probably constructed by the ruler Bird Jaguar IV or dedicated to him by his son. The temple, a large room with three doorways decorated with stucco motifs, overlooks the main plaza and stands on an excellent observation point for the river. The real masterpiece of this building is its nearly intact roof, with a high crest or roof comb, a frieze, and niches. The second hieroglyphic stairway leads to the front of this structure. Temple 44 is the main building of the West Acropolis. It was constructed by Itzamnaaj B’alam II around 730 AD to commemorate his military victories. It is decorated with stone panels depicting his war captives. Temple 23 and its Lintels Temple 23  is located on the southern side of the main plaza of Yaxchilan, and it was built about AD 726 and dedicated by the ruler Itzamnaaj B’alam III (also known as Shield Jaguar the Great) [ruled 681-742 AD] to his principal wife Lady K’abal Xook. The single-room structure has three doorways each bearing carved lintels, known as Lintels 24, 25, and 26. A lintel is the load-bearing stone at the top of a doorway, and its massive size and location led the Maya (and other civilizations) to use it as a place to exhibit their skill at decorative carving. Temple 23s lintels were rediscovered in 1886 by the British explorer Alfred Maudslay, who had the lintels cut out of the temple and sent to the British Museum where they are now located. These three pieces are almost unanimously considered among the finest stone reliefs of the entire Maya region. Recent excavations by the Mexican archaeologist Roberto Garcia Moll identified two burials under the temple floor: one of an aged woman, accompanied by a rich offering; and the second of an old man, accompanied by an even richer one. These are believed to be Itzamnaaj Balam III and one of his other wives; Lady Xooks tomb is thought to be in the adjacent Temple 24, because it features an inscription recording the queens death in AD 749. Lintel 24 Lintel 24 is the easternmost of three door lintels above the doorways in Temple 23, and it features a scene of the Maya bloodletting ritual performed by Lady Xook, which took place, according to the accompanying hieroglyphic text, in October of 709 AD. The king Itzamnaaj Balam III is holding a torch above his queen who is kneeling in front of him, suggesting that the ritual is taking place at night or in a dark, secluded room of the temple. Lady Xook is passing a rope through her tongue, after having pierced it with a stingray spine, and her blood is dripping onto bark paper in a basket. The textiles, headdresses and royal accessories are extremely elegant, suggesting the high status of the personages. The finely carved stone relief emphasizes the elegance of the woven cape worn by the queen. The king wears a pendant around his neck portraying the sun god and a severed head, probably of a war captive, adorns his headdress. Archaeological Investigations Yaxchiln was rediscovered by explorers in the 19th century. The famous English and French explorers Alfred Maudslay and Desirà © Charnay visited the ruins of Yaxchilan at the same time and reported their findings to different institutions. Maudslay also made the fist map of the site. Other important explorers and, later on, archaeologists that worked at Yaxchiln were Tebert Maler, Ian Graham, Sylvanus Morely, and, recently, Roberto Garcia Moll. In the 1930s, Tatiana Proskouriakoff studied the epigraphy of Yaxchilan, and on that basis built a history of the site, including a sequence of the rulers, still relied on today. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Golden C, and Scherer A. 2013. Territory, trust, growth, and collapse in Classic period Maya kingdoms. Current Anthropology 54(4):397-435.Golden C, Scherer AK, Muà ±oz AR, and Vasquez R. 2008. Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 19(3):249-274.Golden CW, Scherer AK, and Muà ±oz AR. 2005. Exploring the Piedras Negras- Yaxchilan Border Zone: Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra del Lacandon, 2004. Mexicon 27(1):11-16.Josserand JK. 2007. The Missing Heir at Yaxchiln: Literary Analysis of a Maya Historical Puzzle. Latin American Antiquity 18(3):295-312.Miller M, and Martin S. 2004. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco and Thames and Hudson.ONeil ME. 2011. Object, memory, and materiality at Yaxchilan: The reset lintels of Structures 12 and 22. Ancient Mesoamerica 22(02):245-269.Simon, M, and Grube N. 2000, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames Hudson, London and New York. Tate C. 1992, Yaxchilan: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City. University of Texas Press, Austin.