Macbeth - Macbeth Is A Statement Of Evil :: essays research papers

Discuss "Macbeth is a statement of evil" (L.C Knights) Do you consider this a fair summary of the play?The character Macbeth is portrayed by Shakespeare as the larger view of evils operation in the world. Shakespeare accomplishes this by development a powerful and unsuspecting character such as Macbeth. The audience sees how evil, tempts Macbeth. Furthermore the use of messages addressing to or addressed by, how evil Macbeth is. The satanic inside Macbeth is quite evident for he commits several murders. Finally, there are legitimate analogies, which suggest that Macbeth is comparable to Satan. Shakespeare intended on using a hero of good industrial plant such as Macbeth, as his figure. He is seen as a good advocate of Satans evil conduct for an evil person is whizz you least expect. Macbeth starts off as a humble man and a saviour of his native soil. After returning from a heroic victory, Ross, a dreadful Thane, describes what a significant officer Macbeth is for his kingdom"The king hath happily received, Macbeth, The news of thy success and when he reads Thy personal venture in the rebels fight, His wonders and his praises do contend Which should be thine or his. Silenced with that, In screening oer the rest oth selfsame day, He finds thee in the unfearing Norweyan ranks, Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make, Strange images of death. As thick as hail Came post with post, and every one did bear Thy praises in his kingdoms abundant defence, And poured then down before him." I.iii.89-99. Macbeth, like any separate man, had succumbed to some form of temptation. Shakespeare utilizes him as a model, to show how no matter how strong you whitethorn be even the strongest man can be taken in by evil. When Macbeth came across three witches I.iii, was tempted by evil, then fell for it. His character, being a solid and heroic one, becomes severed off from his men and his ecclesiastic God for the point that he reached out to evil. Macbet h saw how the only way he could become king, was rather taking his own path away from that of God betraying God, who wrote that his great deal was not to become a king, with the help of Satanic or evil forces to accomplish his midland most desire. The audience sees how a devilish Macbeth is automatically upturned off the path of God, as the witches discussed his position as the bearer of the throne.Macbeth - Macbeth Is A Statement Of Evil essays research papers Discuss "Macbeth is a statement of evil" (L.C Knights) Do you consider this a fair summary of the play?The character Macbeth is portrayed by Shakespeare as the larger view of evils operation in the world. Shakespeare accomplishes this by using a powerful and unsuspecting character such as Macbeth. The audience sees how evil, tempts Macbeth. Furthermore the use of messages addressing to or addressed by, how evil Macbeth is. The Evil inside Macbeth is quite evident for he commits several murders. Finally, there a re certain analogies, which suggest that Macbeth is comparable to Satan. Shakespeare intended on using a hero of good deeds such as Macbeth, as his figure. He is seen as a good advocate of Satans evil conduct for an evil person is one you least expect. Macbeth starts off as a humble man and a saviour of his native soil. After returning from a heroic victory, Ross, a noble Thane, describes what a significant officer Macbeth is for his kingdom"The king hath happily received, Macbeth, The news of thy success and when he reads Thy personal venture in the rebels fight, His wonders and his praises do contend Which should be thine or his. Silenced with that, In viewing oer the rest oth selfsame day, He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks, Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make, Strange images of death. As thick as hail Came post with post, and every one did bear Thy praises in his kingdoms great defence, And poured then down before him." I.iii.89-99. Macbeth, like any other m an, had succumbed to some form of temptation. Shakespeare utilizes him as a model, to show how no matter how strong you may be even the strongest man can be taken in by evil. When Macbeth came across three witches I.iii, was tempted by evil, then fell for it. His character, being a solid and heroic one, becomes severed off from his men and his creator God for the point that he reached out to evil. Macbeth saw how the only way he could become king, was alternatively taking his own path away from that of God betraying God, who wrote that his destiny was not to become a king, with the help of Satanic or evil forces to accomplish his inner most desire. The audience sees how a devilish Macbeth is automatically broken off the path of God, as the witches discussed his position as the bearer of the throne.

The Federal Reserve System: Modern Fascism And Absolute Power Essay

Most Americans feel the unite States of America is a beacon of democracy and raw capitalism, the leader of the free world. The founding fathers had every figure of turning the new world into a full fledged democracy, devoid of any monarchy or source of totalitarian power. The typography itself demands that our government be of, for and by the people, and be divided into complex units of checks and balances, designed to thwart any potential power struggle by one specific branch. In essence, the constitution of the United States is a perfect blueprint for democracy in its purest form, with power and control in the hands of its citizens. Unfortunately, this is not the case today. By giving up the right to print its own currency in 1913, the US Government bequeathed its powers to a select few, who have owned and operated this ground ever since. They are the dependable masters of US domestic and foreign policy.Just like a corporation issues treats of stock to function as a productiv e entity, a country has to issue currency in order to fund its operations. This currency is the lifeblood of a nation, creating wealth for its citizens by fostering economic development and providing public infrastructure and services. In a true democracy, the government is owned by the citizens and operated by representatives of the population as a whole, who control and more importantly regulate the issuance of this currency. This is a critical point to remember.Just like a public company that issues too much stock can be punished by the public markets for diluting its share structure, a nations currency can suffer the same effects through inflation if the government prints too much money coitus to the value of the economy. This can be co... ...al well into the 21st century and beyond depends on it. Thanks to innovations like the Internet, the publics ability to access culture that was once kept hidden from view is now possible. This instills the hope that much like the Fellows hip in LOTR was eventually able to thwart the efforts of Sauron, we as citizens of the United States can succeed in abolishing the Federal Reserve System and help restore this nation to the democratic vision of our Forefathers. http//www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/frseries/frseri.htm Delaware Corporation No. 0042817, https//sos-res.state.de.us/tin/GINameSearch.jsp http//www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/jfkeo/eo/11110.htm DiLorenzo, doubting Thomas J. 1994. Economic Fascism, The Freeman DiLorenzo, Thomas J. 1994. Economic Fascism, The Freeman http//www.house.gov/paul/legis/106/hr1148.htm http//www.ronpaulinstitute.org/

Televisions Effect on Self Image Essay -- Beauty Media

New mirrors are in the market and many homes have been remodeled with these mirrors. These advanced mirror are like snow whites mirror, they tell you who the most beautiful one of all is. A little girl is olfactory perceptioning at her recent mirror that tells her she has to wear makeup and look a certain way in order to be beautiful. This new mirror is the TV and the voice that is notice her is the media. The media portrays the beauty of women a certain way that is distorting beauty. The media distorts image so much that women start to see an unrealistic beauty and think that all women should actually look that way. An experiment done by Mahler Beckerley and Vogel (2010) demonstrate that womens attitudes about certain looks reflect on how they view the models. There were two classifys of women and some saw photos of models that were suntanned and the other saw models that were not tanned. The participants then were told to describe their attitude about tanning. The group of w omen that viewed models that had a tan had a more positive attitude toward tans and the group of women that viewed models with out a tan had a negative attitude towards tanning. This research demonstrates that the media has a big influence in the decision women make on their appearance. So what is beauty? Is beauty the perfect supermodel on a magazine? Is it the stunning actress on television? Do you have to be thin and tall? concord to Dictionary.com Unabridged, beauty is the quality present in a thing or person that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind, whether arising from sensory manifestations (as shape, color, sound, etc.), a meaningful design or pattern, or something else (as a personality in which high spiritual qualities are manifest). However, the m... ...10.1080/14680770903068266Mahler, H. M., Beckerley, S. E., & Vogel, M. T. (2010). Effects of Media Images onAttitudes Toward Tanning. Basic & Applied friendly Psychology, 32(2), 118-127.Slater, A., Ti ggemann, M., Firth, B., & Hawkins, K. (2012). Reality Check AnExperimental Investigation of the Addition of Warning Labels to FashionMagazine Images on Womens Mood and Body Dissatisfaction. Journal Of Social& Clinical Psychology, 31(2), 105-122. Solomon, M. R., Ashmore, R. D., & basil G., E. (1994). Beauty before the Eyes of Beholders The Cultural Encoding of Beauty Types in Magazine Advertising and Music Television. Journal Of Advertising, 23(2), 49-64.Bates, C. (2012, January 05). Mail online. Retrieved from http//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2082500/A-quarter-children-10-diet-think-overweight-face-bullying-taunts-shocking-survey-finds.html

Witches :: essays research papers

WitchesAmerican history has few subjects as interesting as witchcraft, becauseit confronts us with legion(predicate) Ideas about wowork force. It confronts us with fears aboutwomen, the place of women in society, and with women themselves. Also, itconfronts us with violence against women and how the problems of society wereoften blamed on women. Even though any(prenominal) men were executed as during periods ofwitch hunting, witches were generally thought of as women and most who died inthe name of witchcraft were women. In the United States, witchcraft excessivelyk placeamong too educated of people to dismiss it as mere "superstition." (P.10)The first person that was executed, as a witch, in America was MargaretJones, in 1648. Jones was a midwife and ballad healer, who was accused of severaldifferent practices. Minister John Hale, who witnessed Joness hanging in Bostonwhen he was a boy, later said that she "was suspected partly because that subsequentlysome angry w ords passing between her and her Neighbors, some mischief befellsuch neighbors in their Creatures, or the like and partly because some thingssupposed to be bewitched, or have a Charm upon them, being burned, she came tothe fire and seemed concerned." (P.20) Hale included neither of these charges inhis list of the evidence presented against Jones, but suggested that the crimeshad to do with her medical checkup practice. She was accused of having a "malignanttouch," Hale noted, and her medicines were said to have "extraordinary violenteffects." When people refused to take her medical advice, he added, "theirdiseases and hurts continued, with relapse against the ordinary course, andbeyond the apprehension of all physicians and surgeons."(P.21) Hale alsomentioned that Jones was believed to possess psychic powers "some things whichshe foretold came to pass accordingly other things she could tell of ... shehad no ordinary means to adopt to the knowledge o f."(P.20) John Hale pointed outthat several of Joness neighbors tried to get her to confess and repent. Oneof them, he said, "prayed her to consider if God did not bring this penalisationupon her for some other crime, and asked, if she had not been guilty of stealingmany years ago." (P.22)Jones admitted the theft, but she refused to accept it asa reason for her conviction as a witch. Hales writings, on the other hand,showed that stealing, and other crimes such as fornication and infanticide, wereregularly associated with witchcraft, by both the clergy and the largerpopulation . . . " (p. 22)     This first account, in Karlsens study, brings to the surface some of

The Birds :: essays research papers fc

Satire defined is A composition in verse or prose holding up a vice or folly to satire or lampooning individuals&8230 The drop of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc, in speech or writing for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discourage vice or folly (Johnston, 5). In other words, satire is the use of humor to expose moral behavior of man. In the Aristophanes play The Birds, satire is used to mock the coarse Greeks dream of ruling the gods that they worship. It mocks the power that they seek to snuff it the supreme ruler of the world. To understand Aristophanes use of satire, angiotensin-converting enzyme must first understand the role satire plays in sending out its message.At the infrastructure of satire is a sense of moral outrage. This outrage is wrong and needs to be exposed. The goal of a satire is to correct this misconduct of man in a humorous way that makes the audience relate to the problem and try to correct it. Satire seeks to use laughter, not just to remind us of our common often ridiculous humanity, but rather to expose those moral excesses, those correctable sorts of behavior which transgress what the writer sees as the limits of acceptable moral behavior (Johnston, 5). In exposing these foibles, one could discover not to behave in such a manner by originalizing his or her mistakes.When setting up a satire, one must do so in a few steps. The first step is setting up a target which will symbolize the conduct that the satirist wishes to attack. In The Birds, the target is the average Athenian citizen, seeking power Pisthetaerus or in Greek translation, companion persuader (Luce, 300). Pisthetaerus is upset with his current living conditions and sets out to seek a unfermented place, far better than his existing residence.Adding exaggeration and distortion to the target, the satirist then emphasizes the characteristic he wishes to attack. The target must be close enough to the real thing for us to recognize what is going on, but sufficiently distorted to be funny, an exaggeration, often a grotesque departure from normality (Johnston, 17). After deciding to nominate a city strategically located between heaven and earth, so the birds can rule god and man, Pisthetaerus eats a magical root that has the powers to take hold birth to wings. Although it is evident that humans growing wings is not imaginably possible, the birth of wings does give birth to the power that Pisthetaerus craves more of.

The Birds :: essays research papers fc

Satire defined is A composition in verse or prose holding up a vice or folly to ridicule or lampooning individuals&8230 The use of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc, in speech or writing for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discourage vice or folly (Johnston, 5). In separate words, satire is the use of humor to expose clean-living behavior of man. In the Aristophanes play The Birds, satire is used to mock the common Greeks dream of ruling the gods that they worship. It mocks the military unit that they seek to become the supreme ruler of the world. To understand Aristophanes use of satire, unrivalled must first understand the role satire plays in sending step to the fore its message.At the basis of satire is a sense of moral outrage. This outrage is wrong and needs to be exposed. The goal of a satire is to correct this wrongdoing of man in a humorous way that makes the audience relate to the problem and try to correct it. Satire seeks to use laughter, not just to actuate us of our common often ridiculous humanity, but rather to expose those moral excesses, those correctable sorts of behavior which transgress what the writer sees as the limits of acceptable moral behavior (Johnston, 5). In exposing these foibles, one could discover not to behave in such a manner by realizing his or her mistakes.When setting up a satire, one must do so in a few steps. The first step is setting up a target which will symbolize the demeanor that the satirist wishes to attack. In The Birds, the target is the average Athenian citizen, seeking power Pisthetaerus or in Greek translation, companion persuader (Luce, 300). Pisthetaerus is upset with his current living conditions and sets out to seek a new place, far better than his existing residence.Adding exaggeration and distortion to the target, the satirist then emphasizes the characteristic he wishes to attack. The target must be cozy enough to the real thing for us to recognize what is going on, but sufficiently distort ed to be funny, an exaggeration, often a grotesque departure from normality (Johnston, 17). afterwards deciding to create a city strategically located between heaven and earth, so the birds can rule god and man, Pisthetaerus eats a sorcerous root that has the powers to give birth to wings. Although it is evident that humans growing wings is not imaginably possible, the birth of wings does give birth to the power that Pisthetaerus craves more of.

Matrix Organizational Structure Essay

After reading the case, do you thing matrix organization body structure can always bring success? A1. Matrix structure is effective in relatively large companies that cater to the needs of diverse markets with varying requirements. It is based on the basis of decentralizing power to various utilitarian and operational heads so that they understand their respective domains or geographical regions and frame strategies accordingly. It is especially effective when an organization is in the growth phase and wants to go orbicular with its products and services.There is a well defined hierarchy and the decisions taken by the idiosyncratic domain of functional heads are more often than not in sync with each other. It lends the company flexibility and allows it to focus on multiple business goals. It also enables the company to establish economies of scale and facilitates in innovative solutions to complex, skilful problems. On the contrary if a company is a start up phase their might be a fight for resources between the individual departments. here(predicate) a matrix structure can lead to a state of ambiguity as the divisional officers have to report to multiple divisional heads which creates conflict.The individual units end up competing with each other. Also thither are additional costs owing to additional management and administration requirements. In such scenarios, modify decision making system would be more effective than the matrix organizational structure. Q2. Identify some companies which have failed subsequent to introduction of matrix structure. keep down the reasons for failure and suggest what could be the appropriate structure for them? A2. In the 1990s, some of the leading auto makers of the world resorted to the matrix structure-Toyota, Renault, Nissan, Ford, Mitsubishi etc.They were not entirely self-made in their implementation. More power was delegated to the functional heads and leads to tamp down out the individual processes with their re sources. The reasons for their failure could be 1. The system became very complicated and difficult for the functional heads to carry out their functions. 2. There were as well many functional divisions but not many engineers with the desired specializations 3. Coordination across projects was lacking 4. Each manger had to handle too many projects. 5. Production costs were higher 6. There wasnt adequate sharing of common components among divisions 7.Led to competition between the individual segments for the limited resources so as to reduce cost. These industries should balance the need for a matrix structure with the specialized manpower and machines at their disposal. Instead of resorting to too much specialization in allocating divisions, they should club specialized divisions having common raw materials and technology requirements so that the costs of production are reduced and there is efficient use of resources. Also there would be better coordination and synergy between the c onstituent divisions in such a case.

America’s Unjust Drug War Essay

It has been said that the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result this statement fairly sums up the War on Drugs. Let us imagine a scenario of two men, one of them has killed 4 young women in cold blood, for sport as he similars to say the different man was caught with a large amount of an illegal do medicates. In prison it would not be un homogeneously for these two to sh ar a cell, besides my head teacher is why? Why are these drastically different crimes seen as being worthy of the same punishment? According to a pro-marihuana web site, studies show that in Dallas, Texas Possession of two ounces or less of marijuana is punishable by up to 180 days in discard and a fine up to $2,000. Possession of greater than two ounces is punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine up to $4,000 (We Be gamey). It seems to defy logic, and upon observation of the facts, it does.The War on Drugs, specifically the prohibition of marijuana, is an unnecessary drain on our countrys tax dollars and law enforcement old agencies. Some would evening say that these agencies acquit no right to tell us what we as US Citizens flowerpot put into our bodies in the first place. Not only that, save the skepticism and prohibition of marijuana is keeping people from exploring the amazing potential that it has in the medicinal field. If marijuana were legalized properly, not only would these problems begin to work themselves out, but the illegal market and the problems and dangers ca workd by the prohibition of marijuana would cease to exist. One fact that few in our country would refute is that our prison system is over-crowded and has been stretched in recent years to accommodate all the recent criminals. Along with all those which have committed true crimes against society such as murder and robbery, thither are now citizens that have been found guilty of possession or distribution of drugs. In 2003, at that place were a record 755,186 marijuana arrests in the US greater than the number of arrests for all violent crimes combined (Miron).In 1998, 65% of those were convicted of drug possession in state court and 71% of those convicted of drug trafficking were sentenced to captivity (Chin 10). Not only is being arrested and incarcerated for simple possession of marijuana a set-back in ones life, but finding a in good order job for an ex-con is very difficult (Rachels and Rachels). It is hard to believe that violent criminals and Marijuana dealers belong in the same facility it is a waste of money to feed in and clothe them. A popular philosophical argument for the legalization of drugs, such as marijuana, is that the Government does not have the right to tell us what we can and cannot put into our own bodies. Nowhere in the constitution does it state that all drugs should be illegal and should result in major fines or even jail time if one was caught in possession of the drug. In fact, it seems to be imp lied that people should be able to have the freedom to self medicate as they compulsion to.From the utilitarian perspective, people tend to be happier when they have freedom, and the current drug laws reduce that feeling of freedom and happiness. Therefore, the government should not put restrictions on drug use (Rachels and Rachels). If roughone were to make the choice to smoke cannabis, that would be their choice and doing so would not directly malign anyone else. After all, isnt America the write down of the Free? Our country is filled with propagandists who warp the facts and percentages of drugs that they want to be illegal just so the drug seems more formidable than it actually is. In fact, some peoples every day activities are proven to be more harmful than marijuana such as smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, obesity, having open sex, and riding motorcycles (Rachels and Rachels).A popular argument prohibitionists use for this is that illegal drug use harms the user in a different way (Rachels and Rachels). However, all of these activities listed harm the user in some sort of way and isnt that what really matters in the end? There are some people out there that truly believe (and try to convince others) that marijuana is a deadly substance when in reality there have been no deaths whatsoever from marijuana use (Herer). However, there are close to 106,000 deaths from legal drugs that you can buy at any convenience store, including aspirin. Studies show that aspirin is responsible for anywhere from 108-1,000 deaths per year. zoology studies have shown that it is virtually impossible to overdose on marijuana (Hager). This has led scientists to conclude that the ratio of the amount of cannabinoids necessary to get a person excite (i.e., stoned) relative to the amount necessary to kill them is 1 to 40,000 (Hager).So in other words, in order to over dose on marijuana, someone would have to ingest 40,000 times however much one would have to smoke in o rder to get the high feeling. If legal drugs and every day activities nettle a bigger threat on society than marijuana, then why is cannabis illegal while these things remain legal? Rather than criminalizing those who possess and shell out marijuana, some have proposed a radical reversal in policy that the government actually legalize marijuana and tax it. By allowing the illegal implication of drugs into the United States (a multi-billion dollar a year industry), we are allowing all of the profit to go to people who do not deserve it such as criminals, killers, and dangerous organizations (The Economic Benefits).Legalizing marijuana in the US would save about $7.7 billion per year in enforcement costs, and it would generate between $2.4 and $6.2 billion in tax revenue, depending on whether pot was taxed normally or at the higher rate at which alcohol and tobacco and are now taxed (Rachels and Rachels). All of this can be elegant by simply repealing the prohibition laws in effec t. Along with preventing prison over-population and creating another form of tax revenue, the legalization of marijuana could create a new and simpler consort of anodyne, which by definition is a medicine used to relieve pain. In an experiment conducted at the University of California Davis, there were troika different groups given three different substances. One was given 7% marijuana, the second was given 3.5% marijuana, and the last was the control group, which was given a placebo. The results showed that some(prenominal) the 3.5% group and the 7% group both experienced equal amounts of analgesic produced.While the people in the study did feel a type of high in using the marijuana as a medicinal aid, the fact that both levels used created an equal amount of analgesic means that there may be a way around the high feeling. Further testing might be a good idea to see if an even lower dose could still create an analgesic without the side effects of the high feeling ( daybook of Pa in). The study also explains that marijuana does not tranquilize the pain, but helps to create an emotional hold from it. In other words the person can still feel the pain but just does not care as much as he or she normally would. Making marijuana a legalized drug would also mean that it would induce a more controlled and regulated drug as well. However, one major concern of making marijuana a legalized substance is the possibility of young adults in society being exposed to it.While this is a valid argument against legalizing marijuana, people must realize that the fact that marijuana is currently illegal actually provides teens more opportunities to make money by sell it to their friends (Top Ten Reasons). However, making marijuana a legalized, controlled, and regulated substance would make it much harder for teens to get a hold of the drug. Miron expresses this fact, saying that unlike drug dealers, licensed vendors would ensure that teens could not purchase marijuana, just a s states that have implemented strict controls on underage tobacco purchases have seen sales of tobacco to minors fall dramatically (Miron). A group of 12th grade high school students were asked how legalizing marijuana would affect them personally. 61% said they would not use the drug even if it were legal to buy and use. 15% stated they would use it as often as they do now, and 1.5% say they would use it less often. only 5.5% say they would use it more often than they do currently while nine percent said they would try it. Though these percentages may seem like large numbers, it only amounts to around 14% (about one in seven) of the students surveyed who stated they would either try marijuana or increase their use if marijuana were to become legalized (Johnston, OMalley, Bachman, Schulenberg). Another problem with people having to resort to the black market for the purchase of cannabis is the danger that accompanies it. The illegal market that has been established because of the c ombination of the invite and illegality of marijuana brings much violence along with it. It is common for drug dealers at this day and age to carry around and use guns and knives as means of protection.This results in the possibility of something bad happening to the buyer or innocent bystanders. If cannabis were to become legalized and controlled, innocent people would not have to worry about the dangers that they are currently faced with in the purchasing of marijuana on the black market. This flawed policy should have been thrown out years ago like the failed Prohibition was in 1933, but societal propaganda and a more weary population has kept it securely in its place as one of the priorities of unprogressive Americans. Hopefully with time and a more intense barrage of facts and logic, this failed war can end and help usher in a new age of understanding and control over the substances we now outlaw. Until then the United States Government will continue to burn money and lock aw ay undeserving citizens. massage CitedBarth Wilsey, Thomas Marcotte, Alexander Tsodikov, Jeanna Millman, Heather Bentley, Ben Gouaux and Scott Fishman. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Cannabis Cigarettes in Neuropathic Pain. The Journal of Pain. Web. 28 April 2010. Chin, Gabriel J. Race, the War on Drugs, and the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction. Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, Vol. 6, p. 253, 2002. University of Arizona. Web. 1 may 2010. Hager, Paul. Marijuana Myths. Web. 3 May 2010.Herer, Jack. Hemp Fuel Food Fiber Medicine Industry. HempCar. Web. 3 May 2010. Johnston, L. D., OMalley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). monitor the Future national survey results on drug use, 19752008 Volume I, Secondary School Students. The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. PDF file. 30 April 2010. Miron, Jeffrey A. The budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition. Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition in the U nited States. Mar 28, 2008. Web. 1 May 2010. Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. spic-and-span York Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Right Thing to Do. New York Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print The Economic Benefits of a Legal Regulated Marijuana Industry. 2005. Web. 3 May 2010.The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should be Legal. AlterNet. High Times. Web. 3 May 2010. WeBeHigh A Travelers Guide to Getting High. Web. 2 May 2010.

Factors Affecting Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers

A STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES OF MOTHERS IN THE PHILIPPINESSantos, Samuel Edelson Pingol, Aaron Paul Villanueva, Lovely Ann Bermas, Mhelrick Andrew Brecia, Froyland Miguel Faustino, Donald Bula tush State University BSECE 2A Introduction Every day, as humany as 4,000 infants and young squirtren die worldwide because they be non boobyfed. According to UNICEF ( united Nations tiddlerrens Fund), it is because their bewilders atomic trope 18 not empowered with adequate association closely chest of drawers ply and do not receive enough motivation and support.Babies, their mothers, their families, their community, their environment, even the economy of the country in which they live, all benefit from dope eating. This seek is generally to the highest degree chest of drawers ply its benefits and conditional relation to infant nutrition and factors that makes impact on bosom nourishment the practices in the Philippines that affect dummy nourishment and analyses by organizations concerned in breastfeeding. The given quantifyframe for the stem research is the month of July and just about weeks of haughty. The group decided to use a case about health and wellness since nutrition is celebrated in that month.another(prenominal) reason that encour mount upd pursuing the topic is that the world has celebrated its 20th Annual tittyfeeding Week last August 1-7, 2012 make the research timely. Abstract The objective of conducting this study is to evaluate the breast feeding practices adopted by women in the Philippines, and to show factors affecting time of initiation of breast feeding, age of weaning, and forage given to the baby other than breast take out. It aimed to diagnose the elements affecting breastfeeding and to come up out the signifi do-nothingt relationship between breastfeeding and health of the tiddler.The breast feeding practices adopted in terms of season, frequency, exclusiveness of breast feeding and we aning concur great impact on complete physical, mental and psycho-social discipline of the child. The superiority of breast milk comp ard to other types of milk for the nourishment of the gracious infant offering better health benefits. Early childhood is characterized by rapid growth, maturation of tissues and remodeling of organs. Breastfeeding is the optimal method for feeding infants. All the nutritional get hold of for most of these children atomic number 18 provided by breast milk in the right amounts and succession.Exclusive breast feeding was practiced by 40% of the mothers for firstly off sise month of life. The data obtained were analyzed using characteriles. Although the findings indicated that 34% of the mothers practiced breastfeeding and 84% supplemented with complementary foods, lonesome(prenominal) 40% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. This study emphasizes the need of breast feeding education program regarding the continuation of exclusive breast fee ding. In comparison between unsophisticated and urban countries, studies dedicate form out that mothers from pastoral areas have higher(prenominal) rates of breastfeeding than urban mothers.Another concept of the study is about the factors that affect breastfeeding patterns of mothers. These are demographic, socio scotch and health service factors. Apart from breastfeeding, the research prior discussed about the loads of benefits people can get from breastfeeding and breast milk. There are psychological, health and contraceptive benefits unrivalled could get finished breastfeeding and breast milk. To all infants, specifically Filipino children, should have the best protective routes against infection and malnutrition through exclusive breastfeeding.I. Breast milk The most suitable food for human newborn A. Benefits of Breastfeeding 1. Emotional wellness 2. Protective Action 3. Anti-infective properties of breast milk 4. Psychological profit 5. Effective contraception B. Formu la Feeding II. Practices in the Philippines that contri neverthelesse to problem of breastfeeding A. Duration ( minuscule) of breastfeeding in the Philippines B. Deprivation of good tacks of colostrum due to hold backed breastfeeding III. Literature Review A. Breastfeeding and accessory Feeding 1. Breastfeeding in rural countries . Breastfeeding in developed countries B. WHO Recommendations 1. WHO grave (Definition of Terms) 2. DOH (Philippines) C. Factors Influencing duration of breastfeeding 1. Demographic Factors a. Mothers age b. Parity c. Subsequent pregnancy d. Birth tack together of child e. Sex of the child f. Residence 2. Socioeconomic Factors a. Mothers nurture b. Mothers Occupation c. Fathers Education d. rest home economic military position 3. Health Service Factors a. Antenatal care visits b. Place of delivery and mode of delivery c. Advice from health personnel 4.Conceptual Frame arrive at IV. personalized Overview and Conclusion Breast milk The most suitable food for human newborn. The benefits of breastfeeding There are loads of benefits we can get from the pictorial way of bountiful food to babies. It can be emotional, physical, psychological and economical. Breastfeeding contribute to emotional health. Babies and mothers who gave throw recently are quite emotional persons. Being sensitive is a inherent center that occurs after giving birth and babies are still delicate up to the time they are still crying a lot.According to Gerber 1, from birth up to 6 months of age and beyond, breast milk is still the best milk mothers can give to their babies. The best nutrition they can give at the same time having these advantages Preventing allergies and infections by providing natural immunities Speeding up the recovery of the uterus fall intestinal problems for babies and promoting psychological and emotional damages for both moms and babies. Breastfeeding executes protective action. Breast milk can provide protective action to infant s. These are immunities and colostrums.According to Cocabo and Kin 3, through antibodies instal in breast milk, mothers can ensure protection from immunization. Breastfeeding naturally promotes proper nutrition for the babies. Breast milk contains infection fighting antibodies from the mother, and breastfed babies are believed to be at a trim down risk for many acute and chromatic infections early in life. The cholesterol content is withal high in human milk and very depressive dis set up in formulas. Cholesterol promotes brain growth and provides the building blocks of hormones, vitamin D and intestinal bite 4 p. 2. 1 Gerber, Some notes on breastfeeding, Countdown Nine Months to a Perfect Delivery, vol. 1, no. 1, 2004, pp. 31 3 S. Cocabo and P. Kin, Childcare the first 3 years, Your Health Guide The Family Wealth, Medimarketing, Inc. , Makati, Metro manilla, Philippines, 1994, pp. 26 4 Medicine Net, Breastfeeding and formula feeding, Medicine Net, 1996, p. 2 Online. Available http//www. medicinenet. com Accessed 18 July 2012 Breast milk is best for your baby and the earlier he begins breastfeeding, the better. It has all the right nutrients at the right amounts.It costs nothing and helps you get back in shape. The first week after delivery, your breasts leave produce colostrum a thick, yellowish milk that is high in protein but very low in productive than actual breast milk. It also contains antibodies 5 p. 23. And according to Paraz 8, high-quality human capital may depend on mothers effort to breast feed their children. Health expenditures are change magnitude through breastfeeding, resulting to an organized health governing body. Breast milk contains anti-infective properties. Aside from immunity, breastfeeding has contents that can establish strong relationship between mother and child.Another one is that it can avoid pre- menopausal breast cancer. If a multinational company develop a product that was a nutritionally balanced and delicious food, a wonder drug that both prevented and treated disease, cost almost nothing to produce and could be delivered in quantities controlled by the consumers needs, the very announcement of their find would send their shares rocketing to the top of the stock market. Women have been producing such miraculous substance, breast milk, since the beginning of human existence 7 p. 1. Breast milk gives psychological profit.Apart from emotions, the way mothers think, specially moms who gave birth on their first child, are vulnerable. They are experiencing adjustments on their lifestyle and even on their minds. The website Psychology today 2 says that, the link between breastfeeding and dread decrease could serve as a source of sanity-preserver. The attention of nourishing of a child can appear remarkable in the best of situations. If a first-hand mothers stress system where to boost in full-throttle every while the child cries or spits-up, motherhood can seem even more psychologically stimulati ng than it is. 2 PT Staff, The benefits of breastfeeding, Psychology Today, 01 January 1996 Online. Available http//www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199601/the-benefits-breast-feeding Accessed 18 July 2012 5 Wyeth, Breast milk The ideal first food, Pampering botch with Care Your babe Care Guide, Wyeth Nutrition, pp. 23, pp. 25 7 The Quote Garden, Breastfeeding, 1998, p. 1 Online Available http//www. quotegarden. com/breastfeeding. html Accessed 18 July 2012 8 Carisa Paraz, Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths, medical checkup commentator Passing Problem, no. , August 2007, pp. 8 Breastfeeding is an in effect(p) contraceptive. Parents unremarkably wait for a year or more before making another child. But they cannot get rid of having coital activities with one another hence, they do family platformning and make use of contraceptives. One form of a natural contraceptive is breastfeeding. The simplest way of contraception is Lactational Amenorrhea Method. It doesnt require count ing or any contraceptive method. For it to be successful, Epigee 6 suggests that breastfeeding should be ASAP (as soon as possible), frequent, uninterrupted and exclusive. As your baby suckles, nerve impulses exit through your body and are received by your brain. This signal the performance of a hormone called prolactin, which works to inhibit both FsH (Follicle stimulating Hormone) and GnRH (Gonadotropin cathartic Hormone). As a result, ovulation does not occur and menstruation stops, making it almost possible to become pregnant 6. Formula feeding There are cases that mothers are advised not to breastfeed. It could be a medical or a personal reason. However, there is an option for mothers that they can use if ever breast milk is not offered. Based on Wyeth Nutrition 5 p. 5, prepared milk products are good replacement for breast milk. A paediatrician will suggest formulas that will suit for baby. These formulas have nutrients that are also found in breast milk. Conventional type s of milk products are not advisable because it may lead to indigestion. Another thing is that those products have low iron content, not good aid curing IDA, and is lacking vitamin C, D and E. Practices in the Philippines that contribute to problem of breastfeeding. Across atomic number 99 Asia, mothers are turning away from breastfeeding in huge numbers, regard slight of the well-attested health risks to their babies.Filipino mothers are not mentally deficient but many are quite unsuspicious consumers and susceptible to the advance and sophisticated marketing techniques deployed by the milk disintegrate companies. Despite of the underlying beneficial effects of breastfeeding, both incidence and duration have been varying in most developing countries of the world, not the case in the Philippines. From 14. 5 months in 1963 67, the average duration of breast-feeding was declining to 12. 1 months during 1978 82. These decreasing rates drastically affect families having low income and inadequate child nutrition 10.Paraz 8 said, Non-violation of the international Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes adopted by WHO in 1981 will create sufficiency on breastfeeding recommendations among mothers and families. Duration (short) of breastfeeding in the Philippines. During 1997, the Philippines demonstrated only 10 percent of infants that were never breastfed at birth. The proportion of never breastfed infant was comparatively higher in 1983, which has an increase of 10 percent in rural and 27 percent in urban areas.Breastfeeding discrepancies between urban and rural, marked 34 percent of never breastfed infants, were found in Manila 10. Breastfeeding duration is short though it is widely exercised and culturally established in the Philippines. No more than 14 percent of mothers keep on breastfeeding up to 2 years. 8 Carisa Paraz, Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths, Medical Observer Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 Deprivation of beneficial effec ts of colostrum due to delayed breastfeeding. Filipino women influenced by cultural norms and beliefs often think that colostrum is a dirty milk and should be eliminated.They delay breastfeeding several days after birth. Benefits of colostrum are consequently deprived. Practice of initiating supplements and non-nutritive liquids at an early age is a more serious problem. This supplementary feeding may contaminate diet for infants because of unfamiliar chemicals present in the food. It further reduces contraceptive effects for mothers. Male infants in the Philippines are completely breastfed for a shorter duration compared to many Asian countries. Boys are supplemented, earlier than girls to meet the increasing necessities for growth.Increased diarrhoeal rates are caused mainly by this kind of supplementation among masculine infants. Moreover, boys receive more starchy staples while girls consume larger amount of green leafy vegetables. In effect, girls are much likely prone to maln utrition than boys. They have more serious eye damage from Vitamin A deficiency. 10 All mentioned statements are considered as contributors to breastfeeding problems in the Philippines. For child survival, breastfeeding period should be given priority. For benefits of both mother and child, primary factors in feeding infants should be recognized.Many studies showed that breastfeeding manifests child health and eudaemonia, including child survival and child spacing. Thus, it is important to know and to be updated about the ongoing breastfeeding practices in the Philippines. Likewise, analysis of factors affecting short breastfeeding period should be dealt with. Literature Review In this section, the study made by experts regarding disciplines affecting breastfeeding and infant feeding will be assessed. It is expected that the data created by prior tests provide a framework for a review that follows. Breastfeeding and supplementary feedingWHO 9 states that, babies must be completely breastfed for six months of age to attain the primary development and sufficient nutrition important for lifetime wellness. However, dietary necessities for infants are increasing as they grow, they should be also given complementary or supplementary foods but breastfeeding is still ongoing until two or more years. As babies grow into young children, their nutritional needs change quickly. At around six months, breast milk alone is no yearner sufficient to meet a babys energy and nutrition requirements.The baby is also at a stage of development where he/she can start to swallow non-liquid food. The introduction of appropriate and nutritive complementary food to babies from this age is extremely important as it plays a crucial role in the childs physical and cognitive development13. From about 6 months of age, breast milk alone is no protracted sufficient to cover a babys nutritional requirements. He or she can also start to swallow non-liquid complementary foods at this stage, h elping to support growth, brain development and the building of natural defenses.The period of weaning is vital for the future development and growth of infants. Breastfeeding in developed countries vs. developing (rural) countries. In urban countries, as Kyi 10 studied, duration of breastfeeding is reduced and supplemental foods are introduced early. It is because of 9 WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, origination Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 Online. Available http//www. who. int Accesed 19 July 2012 13 Nestle, Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding, Nestle, 2008. Online Available http//www. babymilk. nestle. om/complementary-feeding Accessed 28 July 2012 the mothers occupation, which is conflicting with extended breastfeeding. Also, in these areas, availability of breast milk substitutes is sufficient making them to shift from breast to bottle feeding. On the other hand, in developing countries, breastfeeding is done until eight to twelve months due to unavailability of mi lk substitute and scarcity. Supplementary foods are deferred causing malnutrition. Table 3. 1- Percentage (%) of children (2003-2008) who are Country exclusively breastfed breastfeedingwith complementary feeding till breastfed(extended) 0-5 months 6-9 months 12-15 months 20-24 months Afghanistan - 29 92 54 Bangladesh 43 74 95 91 Brazil 40 70 50 25 Cambodia 60 82 90 54 China - 32 43 15 Ethiopia 49 54 94 88 India 46 57 88 77 Indonesia 32 75 80 50 North Korea 65 31 67 37 Laos 26 70 82 48 Malaysia 29 - - 12 Mexico 38 36 32 21 Myanmar 15 66 85 67 Pakistan 37 36 79 55 Philippines 34 58 58 34 Qatar 12 48 32 21 Saudi Arabia 31 60 59 30 Sri Lanka 76 86 92 83 Thailand 5 43 32 19Turkey 40 71 58 26 United Arab Emirates 34 52 50 29 Vietnam 17 70 78 23 Zimbabwe 22 79 87 40 higher up is a table containing statistics of children from selected developing countries who were breastfed, exclusively, with complementary foods and extended breastfeeding by UNICEF 16. Countries Australia, France, Italy, Spain United Kingdom and United States were not included since they are 16 UNICEF, Statistics about breastfeeding, UNICEF, 2009. PDF Available http//www. childinfo. org Accessed 28/ 7 /12 considered developed countries.Also Asian countries, also known as Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan, were excluded as they have receive from being a developing country as declared by IMF (International Monetary Fund) 14 . Bangladesh and Ethiopia, countries from Asia and Africa respectively, and listed as least developed countries by the United Nations 14, has the higher percentage of breastfeeding rate compared to Malaysia and Thailand, considered the more developed countries, gaining lower rates with regards to the list. Breast feeding strengthens the economy by adding significantly to the national food supply. The economic value of mothers milk production is large, charge billions of dollars even in small countries. 8 p. 8 para. 7 WHO Recommendations T he World Health Organization (WHO) is the agency that supports and evaluates matters regarding nutrition, especially breastfeeding. Along with UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund), powered by the United Nations, their primary concern is child health and nutrition.For mothers to be able to start and maintain breastfeeding for six months, UNICEF and WHO 9 suggest that breastfeeding should be initiated within the first hour of life, exclusive, on demand, and bottles or others should be avoided. WHO recommends mothers worldwide to exclusively breastfeed their infants for the childs first six months to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Thereafter, they should be given wholesome complementary foods and continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years or beyond. Globally less than forty-percent (40%) of infants fewer than six months of age are exclusively breasted. adequate breast feeding support for children, mothers and families could save many young lives 9. 14 Wiki, Developing Countries, Wikipedia. org, 28 July 2012 Online. Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Developing_country Accessed 29 July 2012 8 Carisa Paraz, Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths, Medical Observer Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 9 WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 Online. Available http//www. who. int Accesed 19 July 2012Definition of terms Based on WHO Code (International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes) Breast-milk substitute- means any food being marketed or otherwise presented as a partial or essence replacement for breast milk, whether or not suitable for that purpose 17 p. 8. Complementary food- means any food whether manufactured or locally prepared, suitable as a complement to breast milk or to infant formula, when either become insufficient to forgather the nutritional requirements of the infant. Such food is also naturally called weaning food or breast-milk supplement 17 p. 8.Infant formula- m eans a breast-milk substitute formulated industrially in accordance with applicable Codex Alimentarius standards, to satisfy the normal nutritional requirements of infants up to between four and six months of age, and adapted to their physiological characteristics 17 p. 9 . Exclusive Breastfeeding- as Kathy Sue 12 said, it means, setting off other foods for the infant, including water, the breast milk is the only food to be in taken by the child. The Philippines Department of Health (DOH). Aside from WHO, the Department of Health is the main creative activity that is imposing activities and information egarding health and nutrition for Filipino mothers and infants particularly in breastfeeding. In response to the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Philippines Department of Health strongly advocates breastfeeding for nursing mothers instead of using breast milk substitutes. Republic Act 7600, known as The Room ing-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992, provides incentives to all government and private health institutions in the Philippines that support rooming-in and breastfeeding.The Act provides that newborn infants with normal deliveries be put to the mothers breast immediately after birth, and roomed-in within 30 minutes infants delivered by caesarean section should be roomed-in and breastfed within 3 to 4 hours after delivery15. 17 WHO and Nestle, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, World Health Organization Geneva, 1981 PDF Available http//www. babymilk. nestle. com/who-code-compliance and http//www. who. int Accessed 28 July 2012 12 Sue Ann Kendall and Kathy Dettwyler, Exclusive breastfeeding, Kathy Dettwyler, 3 August 1995. Online Available http//www. kathydettwyler. org/detexclusive. html Accessed 25 July 2012 15 NSO Manila and ICF Macro, Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Statistics Office Manila, Philippines and ICF Macro Calver ton, Maryland, USA, December 2009, Chapter 11. EBook. Available Measure DHS, http//www. measuredhs. com/publications Accessed 29 July 2012 Factors Influencing duration of breastfeeding Demographic FactorsMaternal age Many researchers found that onetime(a) women tend to breast feed perennial. It is likely that older women have more experience in infant feeding than jr. women. They may know the benefits of breast-feeding by their own experience and as a result, they are more likely to breastfeed longer. A study 10 found that older women are more likely to continue breast-feeding beyond 18 months than younger women in rural. Parity Parity of mother has significant effect on breast-feeding duration, usually women with higher parity breastfeed their children for longer duration.It is most likely that women with higher parity are usually older, less educated and less likely to involve in formal example sector. Also, women with many children are more likely to be from rural areas and fo llow the traditional lifestyles. Therefore, they can breastfeed longer, which is a public phenomenon in rural areas. However, studies 10 found out that it could be depending on the setting. They found out that the tradition is a key in the duration of breastfeeding when it comes to parity.Birth order of the child Some researchers found the positive relationship between birth order of the child and duration of breast-feeding. The higher the birth order of the child is, the longer is the duration of breast-feeding. It is because children of higher birth order are more likely to be borne by older mothers, who are less likely to engage in employment sector and can breastfeed them longer. Another reason may be that these mothers may have older children who help them in household work, so they have more time to breastfeed their babies.This is the common pattern in many societies. Sex of the child It is one of the important factors influencing duration of breast-feeding. In some countries , male children are breastfed for longer period than womanly children due to son preference by cultural or religious reason. It is a common phenomenon in China, some South Asian countries and also in some Arab countries. A study 10 says that, in China of 4,084 ever-married women under age 50 in Shaanxi found that male children are breastfed longer than female children.On the other hand, reverse phenomenon is seen in some countries. Male children are fully breastfed for a shorter period than female children in the Philippines. Mothers supplement boys earlier to meet their increasing needs for growth than to girls or because of sex preferences that favor the provision of supplements to boys rather than to girls. Subsequent pregnancy Researchers found the association between duration of breast-feeding and subsequent pregnancy of mothers. Generally, mothers discontinue breast-feeding as soon as they know that they are pregnant.It is because of a common belief that breast milk of pregna nt women can rot and cause disease in the child. Similar pattern is found out based on the study 10 in Cebu, Philippines. Strongest determinant of breast-feeding duration is the mothers perception of being pregnant. Most women who become pregnant while lactating stop breast-feeding before the end of the first trimester because they often say that pregnancy is associated with sour milk. Residence Many researchers found that duration of breast-feeding varies markedly between urban and rural mothers.Although there is no exact reason why rural women breastfeed more and longer duration than urban women, some suggested that changing lifestyles in urban areas are not matched with breastfeeding. This finding was supported by Kyi 10, that in the Philippines, during the period 1973-88, women who breastfed shortest duration lived in Manila City. This common phenomenon is the result of urbanization and changing social system in many parts of the world. Usually, family members can assist women to breastfeed especially in extended families. Such families are more prevalent in rural areas.It is one of the reasons why rural women breastfeed more and longer than urban women. Along with modernization, women become more educated and take part in employment sector, which is usually incompatible with prolonged duration of breast-feeding. Moreover, utilization of modern maternity care services is common among educated women especially in urban areas, which less encourage women to breast feed for long period. These factors together with other factors contribute to marked difference in the duration of breast-feeding according to urban-rural distinctial.Socioeconomic Factors Mothers Education Effect of maternal education on duration of breastfeeding varies in different societies. Along with modernization, well-educated women tend to breastfeed for a shorter period especially in urban areas. It may be that as women become more educated, they are more likely to involve in formal empl oyment, which is not compatible for longer duration of breast-feeding. However, the reverse pattern is seen in some developed countries since well educated women are more likely to breastfeed their babies and for a longer period.The possible explanation is that as women become more educated they become more aware of advantages of breast-feeding and thus they breastfeed their babies longer. A research 10 done in the Philippines found that women with higher education are more likely to breastfeed for a short time. The result is based on a study of 2,622 mothers in both urban and rural communities of Cebu City. Also, that highly educated mothers from families with highest income or asset categories are least likely to breastfeed and they do so for a short period.Mothers Occupation The work status of women causes a major difference in the duration of breast-feeding since it requires leaving the infant at home during functional hours. Therefore, duration of breast-feeding is shorter amo ng working mothers. In addition, type and pattern of job of mothers also influence the duration of breast-feeding in different societies. Location of work or place of work from home, type of work, the other alternative available for child care and the income derived from the work all seem to be important.For mothers who work as suggested by WHO 9, time and place are the key things that affect the duration of breastfeeding. There is a necessity of time and place for them to continue breastfeeding. However, solutions like maternity leave, part-time work arrangements, breastfeeding breaks, etc. can help them going on with breastfeeding. Fathers Education Like other factors, fathers education can also affect duration of breast-feeding. Usually, well- educated men can get a good job and as a result, they can earn sufficient income. Also, better-educated man tends to marry better-educated women.If both of them are employed, they can earn more income for the family. As their income increa ses, they can purchase household items such as refrigerator, gas or kerosene stove, which favors the use of breast milk substitutes. As such, it will lead to shorter duration of breast-feeding. Fathers education may also have positive effect on breastfeeding. It is because as fathers are well educated, they have more access to the messages from the health sector or from the mass media. As they understand the benefits of breastfeeding, they will encourage their spouses to breastfeed longer.The research 10 found out that there is an inverse relationship between fathers education and duration of breast feeding. Longer duration of breastfeeding is seen among children whose fathers are with no schooling or less schooling. Household Economic Status In countries like Bangladesh, Mexico, Philippines and Vietnam, the relationship between household economic status and breastfeeding is inversed. Upper class babies are less likely to be breastfed than those of others 10. 10 Aye Kyi Kyi, Factor s Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A.Thesis, efficiency of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. 9 WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 Online. Available http//www. who. int Accesed 19 July 2012 Health Service Factors In most developing countries, lower rates of breastfeeding and shorter duration are associated with health care services. Breastfeeding rates are decreasing because health services are not receiving the support they need. 8 p. 8 Ante natal Care Visits During these periods, the offices and beliefs of the health professionals influence the womens own knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding.The more the pregnant women visit her ob-gyne, the more knowledge she can receive. It will lead to successful initiation of breastfeeding and continuation for the period advised by the health personnel. Place and mode of delivery Utilization of health care services has an important e ffect on duration of breastfeeding. Practice of health workers at different health facilities can influence the womens decision to breastfeed. On the other hand, the form of delivery can affect the duration of breastfeeding. Ireland 11 said that in normal delivery, women are more likely to breastfeed than those of via caesarean section.Healing process or the condition of the baby could be the two main factors given that women cannot favour their mode of delivery. Advice from health personnel Duration of breastfeeding also depends on whether the woman receive advice on breastfeeding from health worker or not. In the Philippines, as researched by Kyi 10, there is no statistically significant effect of breastfeeding promotional messages on the intention and duration of breastfeeding. Conceptual Framework The underlying concept of this study is that duration of breast-feeding can be affected by demographic, socioeconomic and health service factors.Among many demographic factors age of mother, parity, subsequent pregnancy, sex of child, birth order of child and residence (urban / rural) are assumed as important factors influencing duration of breast-feeding. Out of many socioeconomic factors, mothers education, occupation, fathers education and economic level of household are regarded as major 8 Carisa Paraz, Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths, Medical Observer Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 11 Jae Ireland, Factors affecting breastfeeding mothers, Livestrong, 15 July 2011. Online. Available http//www. ivestrong. com/article/493114-factors-affecting-breastfeeing-mothers Accessed 18 July 2012 10 Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. determinants of duration of breast-feeding. Among various health service factors, 3 factors are considered important for duration of breast-feeding. There are number of antenatal care visits , place and mode of delivery and whether the woman had received an advice on breast-feeding during the post-partum period or not.This conceptual framework is presented in the figure below. Independent VariablesCategoryDependent Variable Mothers Age Parity Subsequent Pregnancy Birth Order of the Child Demographic Factor Sex of the Child Residence Mothers Occupation Duration of Breastfeeding Mothers Education Fathers Education Socioeconomic Factor Household Economic Status Ante natal Care Visits Place and Mode of Delivery Health Service Factor Advice from Health Worker Fig. 3. 1- Conceptual Framework Factors Influencing Duration of Breastfeeding The most valuable thing mothers can give their babies during early years is the milk obtained from breastfeeding.This means of feeding infants is the early known form. It is widely used since the first human had existed. Until the present time, breastfeeding continues to promote many useful effects for people in diverged societies. Breast mil k is the most suitable food for human newborn and the safest way of feeding infants for the first four to six months of life8. According to studies, it gives perfect nutrition for babies and builds the foundation for their ruddy psychosocial progress. Human milk is the milk made specifically for human infants. It is always natural as it is.Because of this exceptional reason, benefit earners involve not only the infants but as well their mothers, their families, their community, their environment and even the economy in which they live The researchers observed several studies that revealed many advantages of breastfeeding. It is recognized as the best nutrient for infants natural contraceptive for mothers for about 6 months post-partum preventive action for mothers against breast and ovarian cancers and provision of bonding between mother and child. Breastfeeding is not just a matter of supplying better milk.Of course, the increased opportunity for parent-child bonding offered by br eastfeeding is a widely known benefit of nursing. One of the most important advantages of breastfeeding is that the mother is present. This is natures plan for keeping mother and child close, providing the connection and reassurance the child needs so profoundly. Breastfeeding, beyond all of its many physical benefits, has the built-in bonus of requiring the mothers close presence. In addition to its nutritive value, breast milk also has protective action against common infections.The milk secreted called colostrums contains anti-infective property which can prevent the newborn from diarrhea and pneumonia. If babies are probably prevented from those diseases, they will have a stronger immune system. The protective action of breast milk is very important for the child wellness. In the Philippines, to be particular, firm weather affects the spread rate of bacteria. As a result, infants may be largely exposed to common infections. Malnutrition plays a huge role in child mortality beca use the immune systems of these children are less resistant to common childhood diseases.This is why a common cold or bout of diarrhea can kill a malnourished child. By simply ensuring exclusive breast feeding for infants, malnutrition is somehow addressed. Aside from its direct effects on the health and well-being of babies, breast feeding has a profound impact on the economy. It strengthens the economy by adding significantly to the national food supply. The economic value of mothers milk production is large, worth billions of dollars even in small countries like Philippines. It also reduces future burdens on the health system.Exclusive breast feeding is giving infants is giving infants with only breast milk until 4 to 6 months of age. It greatly matters since it is attributed with almost complete protection against cholera and diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that all infants should be exclusively breastfed and begin to receive supplementary foods bet ween fourth to sixth months. This means that feeding infants is not just to breastfeed them. It is to give them the proper nutrition through exclusive breastfeeding. With the right duration and process, organized health system is assured.Both too short and too long duration of breast feeding is not appropriate for child nutrition. The Philippines showed short duration of breast feeding cases according to the researchers study. Despite of the beneficial effects derived from breast feeding, both incidence and duration have been changing. This is a serious problem. When mothers shortly breastfeed, their babies tends to receive limited infection-fighting antibodies. Beneficial effects of colostrum are likewise deprived. It is necessary for mothers to know what contributes to problem of breast feeding practices in the Philippines.Because of traditions and customs in the Philippines, a belief passed over generations is often conceptualized. Filipino women believe that colostrum should be discarded because it is dirty milk. This common misconception about the colostrum must be rejected. In this case, mothers must also learn the current breast feeding practices to be informed and updated. Support for breast feeding must go beyond the hospital, and involve communities, work-places, local governments, workers unions, mass organizations and consumer associations, in addition to the already very acute nongovernment organizations.Mothers effort is worth the health of their children. Health services should have support coming from the government. Breastfeeding period depends on whether the woman receives counseling on breast feeding from health workers or not. A health worker may influence a lot of mothers and encourage them to breastfeed exclusively. However in the Philippines, there is no significant effect of breast feeding promotional messages on the purpose and period of breast feeding. Furthermore, mothers breastfeed their babies for a dramatically shorter period if t hey were told to feed formula.As infant-formula sales increase, the number of breastfeeding mothers goes down. Local infant- formula companies spend billions of dollars a year to endorse their products. This is in contrast to poorly funded public health systems that fail to provide health workers with the skills and knowledge needed to promote breast feeding. Filipino mothers must be wise consumers and be aware of the marketing techniques to be considered on buying milk powder formulas. For wide application, the researchers found that breast feeding can be a solution to the rapid growth of population in the country.If mothers fully breastfeed longer than the old tradition, there is a delay for next pregnancy eve if she does not use any contraceptive method. Breastfeeding can be an instant and effective contraception. Considering all benefits offered by breast feeding, the group concluded that all infants, specifically Filipino children, should undergo exclusive breast feeding. Refer ences 1 Gerber, Some notes on breastfeeding, Countdown Nine Months to a Perfect Delivery, 2004, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31 2 PT Staff, The Benefits of Breastfeeding, Psychology Today, 01 January 1996 Online.Available http//www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199601/the-benefits-breast-feeding Accessed 18 July 2012 3 S. Cocabo and P. Kin, Childcare the first 3 years, Your Health Guide The Family Wealth, Medimarketing, Inc. , Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1994, pp. 26 4 Medicine Net, Breastfeeding and formula feeding, Medicine Net, 1996, p. 2 Online. Available http//www. medicinenet. com Accessed 18 July 2012 5 Wyeth, Breast milk The Ideal First Food, Pampering Baby with Care Your Baby Care Guide, Wyeth Nutrition, pp. 23, pp. 25 6 Epigee,ContraceptiveBenefitsofBreastfeeding,Epigee,2012. Online. Available http//www. epigee. org/fetal/contraception. html Accessed 19 July 2012 7 The Quote Garden, Breastfeeding, 1998, p. 1 Online Available http//www. quotegarden. com/breastfeeding. html Ac cessed 18 July 2012 8 Carisa Paraz, Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths, Medical Observer Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 9 WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 Online. Available http//www. who. nt Accesed 19 July 2012 10 Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. 11 Jae Ireland, Factors affecting breastfeeding mothers, Livestrong, 15 July 2011. Online. Availablehttp//www. livestrong. com/article/493114-factors-affecting-breastfeeing- mothers Accessed 18 July 2012 12 Sue Ann Kendall and Kathy Dettwyler, Exclusive breastfeeding, Kathy Dettwyler, 3 August 1995. Online Available http//www. kathydettwyler. org/detexclusive. tml Accessed 25 July 2012 13 Nestle, Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding, Nestle, 2008. Online Available http//www. babymilk. nestle. com/complementary-feeding Accessed 28 July 2012 14 W iki,DevelopingCountries,Wikipedia. org,28July2012Online Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Developing_country Accessed 29 July 2012 15 NSO Manila and ICF Macro, Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Statistics Office Manila, Philippines and ICF Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA, December 2009, Chapter 11. EBook. Available Measure DHS, http//www. measuredhs. com/publications Accessed 29 July 2012 16 UNICEF, Statistics about breastfeeding, UNICEF, 2009. PDF Available UNICEF, http//www. childinfo. org Accessed 28 July 2012 17 WHO and Nestle, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, World Health Organization Geneva, 1981 PDF Availablehttp//www. babymilk. nestle. com and http//www. who. int Accessed 28 July 2012

Abortion Restrictions And Abortion Rates: Has State Abortion Policy Been Successful? Essay

Termination of a pregnancy before its due date, by use of medical methods is referred to as abortion. The off in of abortion is to prevent the baby from being born. There ar various reasons that might trigger a person to terminate a pregnancy. First, the health of the dumbfound may be at try as a result of the pregnancy. Secondly, the start out may not be in a position to take care of the unborn child due to various reasons such as economic situation, security or other person reasons. Over the years, abortion has been attach unlawful and immoral especially by contemporary religions. Abortion is not wrong provided the person doing it has enough reasons to warrant that course of action.First, the liberation of women from gender irons allows them to enjoy autonomous capability to make decisions concerning their lives. In the past male dominated era, women were not allowed to make vital decisions such as end pregnancies. However, women should at present be allowed to carry ou t abortion because they possess the reproductive control over their wombs (Berlatsky 45). A woman has a right to determine her own emerging and decide whether it is safe to have children or not. Furthermore, women privy presently contribute to the economic, political and social life of a nation, making them also capable of domineering their own choices reproductive wise. The notion of determining the outcome of a womans fate in regard to either having a baby or not, is mandatory to gender discrimination (Berlatsky 30). Women now have the right to choose the course of their lives and consequently, have the right to choose whether to have children or not.Secondly, abortions prevent fatalities that could take place in case of complication with the pregnancy, illness of the mother or infants with noticeable abnormalities. Technology now can determine the health of the baby before he or she is born. In addition, some women may develop complications that may risk the life of either t he mother or the child during the pregnancy period, or at wear. Since these problems are determined early, abortions can be the safest solution to revoke either risking the lives of the child and mother, or delivering a baby with visible abnormalities. According to Pritchard, some disorders are fatal enough to end the life of the baby shortly after birth (43). Once determined, it is imperative to end the pregnancy in order to avoid further suffering of both the child and the mother. Also, ending the pregnancy of such a child helps the family to save of medical expenses and avoid emotions trauma that could have touch them if the child would have been born. Some of the disorders that can be determined early are Down syndrome and anencephaly.Third, moderne abortion techniques and equipment prevent complications and deaths that may occur during illegal abortions. Oakley noted that preventing abortion from taking place does not actually work (473). Illegalizing abortion encourages il legal and unsafe abortion practices that may cause unimaginable disablement both physically and emotionally. According to Pritchard (43), desperate women induce abortions remotely without the help of professional practitioners. According to the study by Oakley, illegal abortions cause more than 70000 deaths globally annually. In another study, Oakley found out that use of modern equipment to carry out abortions reduces the risk of mortality (475). In addition, he found out that women are more at risk while giving birth than while carrying out an abortion. Moreover, Berlatsky (49) noted that pregnant related complications are higher during child birth than they are during abortion. In this, it is evident that abortion deaths occur only when the people in question do not perform the procedure using modern equipments. So, allowing abortion to be practiced legally will enable women to avoid side effects of abortion related complications such as cancer, mental health issues and infertil ity.In conclusion, it is imperative to note that there are various reasons that might trigger a person to terminate a pregnancy. A person can terminate their pregnancy due to personal reasons, or the health of the mother may be at risk as a result of the pregnancy. First, women should now be allowed to carry out abortion because they possess the reproductive control over their wombs. A woman has a right to determine her own proximo and decide whether it is safe to have children or not. Moreover, women can now contribute to the economic, political and social life of a nation, making them also capable of arbitrary their own choices. Secondly, technology now can determine the health of the baby before he or she is born. Additionally, some women may develop complications that may risk the life of either the mother or the child during the pregnancy period, or at birth. However, abortions prevent fatalities that could occur in case of complication with the pregnancy, illness of the moth er or infants with noticeable abnormalities. Finally, modern abortion techniques and equipment prevent complications and deaths that may occur during illegal abortions.ReferencesBerlatsky, Noah. Abortion. Detroit, MI Greenhaven Press, 2011.Oakley, Maureen Rand. Abortion Restrictions And Abortion Rates Has State Abortion constitution Been Successful? Politics & Policy 472-87.Pritchard, A., and S. K. Parsons. The Effects of State Abortion Policies on States Abortion Rates. State and Local Government Review 43-52.Source schedule

Target for Overnight Rate

The target for the long rate-the main tool used by the margining company of Canada to conduct fiscal policy. The camber carries out monetary policy by influencing short-term amuse rates. It does this by raising and lowering the target for the overnight rate. The overnight rate is the interest rate at which majorfinancialinstitutions borrow and lend one day funds among themselves the Bank sets a target level for that rate. This target for the overnight rate is often referred to as the Bankskey interest rateorkey policy rate.Changes in the target for the overnight rate influence former(a) interest rates, such as those for consumerloansand mortgages. They can also affect the exchangeof the Canadian dollar. In November 2000, the Bank introduced a system of eight fixed dates separately year on which it announces whether or not it will change the key policy rate. The Target for the Overnight Rate is the main tool used by the Bank of Canada to conduct monetary policy for this reason, it is also known as the policy interest rate.It tells major financial institutions the average interest rate that the Bank wants to see in the market where they lend each other money overnight. When the Bank changes the Target for the Overnight Rate, this change affects other interest rates in the economy. Canadas major financial institutions routinely borrow and lend money overnight among themselves, in order to cover their proceedings at the end of the day. with the Large Value Transfer System (LVTS), these institutions conduct large transactions with each other electronically.At the end of the day, they need to settle with each other. One bank may have funds left over, while another bank may need money. The trading in funds that allows all institutions to cover their transactions at the end of the day takes place in the overnight market. The interest rate charged on those loans is called the overnight rate. The transmission mechanism of monetary policy The transmission mechani sm is the complex chain of cause and effect that runs from the Bank of Canadas actions to changes in asset prices, aggregate demand, the output gap and, eventually, inflation.Among economists, there is some confer about the nature of the transmission mechanism. Engert and Selody (1998), for example, emphasize the important distinction between the passive-money and active-money views of the transmission mechanism and argue that the possibility of making policy errors can be reduced by paying attention to both views. Even among those who agree on the broad nature of the mechanism, there is recognition of considerable uncertainty regarding the time and quantitative importance of specific linkages.A collection of speeches and research papers published by the Bank of Canada (1996) provides a mainstreamviewof the transmission mechanism. The transmission mechanism is outperform understood by tracing through the effects of a hypothetical policy decision. For example, consider a situation akin to that in the autumn of 2004, when the Bank had good reason to expect that the solid economic recovery occurring both in Canada and in the global economy would create pressures for Canadian inflation to raise over the coming months. In this case, the Banks policy response was to raise its target for the overnight interest rate.

Strategic Management and Lego

1st CASE STUDYWinter term 2012/2013Student Aitor Martin SantanaProfessor Ravinder Kaur-LahrmannSubject Management Tools THE LEGO GROUP 1. In this case I guide identified some key characteristics that are in relation with the system that LEGO has been following. In the 1970-1980 decades, environment was hostile. There was a huge oil crisis, and there were as well as oftentimes difficulties. However, LEGO maintained its philosophy, and their image of unique and iconic brand. Competence was also hard, with Mattel and Hasbro in the market, but LEGO sustained its powerful position.If we focus, for example, in the strategy that they carried out amongst 1995 and 1998, an interesting fact is that their objectives (become the best known global brand, increase the sales, etc. ) are set in a long term direction. Another fundamental point is that they wanted to expand the scope of their activities. They entered in sassy areas much(prenominal) as films, games and they also built new LEGO LAND parks. However, the turnaround attempts that happened between 1999 and 2003 forced this fellowship to check their strategy. Different factors such as the changing environment, lead times affected negatively LEGOs strategy.This shows that the uncertainty of strategic decisions is also decisive. If we verbalism at the exploring strategy model, we fag end see that the strategic decisions cede affected the three main elements (position, choices and action). Regarding to the strategic choices for example, we can mention the corporate-level and the business level strategies. I estimate that LEGO took some correct decisions, such as changing their relationship with retailers, renewing their tag on chain 2. There are many external features that have more or less influenced LEGOs strategy growth.One of this factors has been the rivalrys influence. Due to the high competitiveness in the toy market, LEGO has to make a big driving force in strategy in order to be one of the leade rs of this industry. Other important issue is the supply and the distribution. The main reason of changing their strategy is that sales were seasonal and they had to adapt their supply system to this. Concerning the distributors we can state that retailers were putting too much pressure on the company, so the solution consisted on bringing their positions in order to achieve better results.Maybe one of the reasons of starting a digital strategy was the obsolescence of their products. There are other influences worth mentioning, such as the economic (crisis and bad cost management) and social (criticism of the public). 3. Improvements of the capital structure were important resources that have enabled LEGO to achieve their successful results. If we focus on intangible resources, we can say that the reputation of this firm is key element, especially because they created an image of a family-run company, which give consumers, shareholders, suppliers a feeling of trust.Kjeld played an i mportant role. On the other book one of the most important competences of LEGO is their brand. This is one of the oldest and better known toy companies in the world, so we can say that their brand is iconic. In my opinion, this is the main centerfield competence of LEGO. 4. I think that the various internal and external factors responsible for problems were the key element in the development of those alternative strategies. They forced Kejld to take those decisions.The front years were adverse, and there were internal problems such as financial and logistic difficulties, longer lead times, etc. Also external factors such as competitors rising power and problems with suppliers were determinant in taking the strategic decisions. In my view, two were the most important strategies focusing on cost and the supply chain and innovating. Managing the costs efficiently is very important, especially for companies that produce seasonal products. This gives security. Innovation provides a co mpany an extra value.Inviting the consumers to participate in product development was an excellent idea, because in the toy market is necessary to have lots of ideas. LEGO needed new, better and more ideas. 5. In order to approach future strategy development, they could focus on one of the four strategic lenses (strategy as a design, strategy as experience, strategy as ideas and strategy as discourse). If they chose the design lens, their managers would have to take rational decisions with a high grade of legitimacy such as those related to costs, their products marketing, etc.They also should take a look on economic performance, which is very important in LEGO Group. Also, they could focus in the experience lens. Focusing on this lens would be a possible decision, because LEGO has a lot of individual and collective experience. Although LEGO could focus on this lens, I personally think this would not be the best option because LEGO needs innovation and new ideas for the future, and this lens states that the future has to be made based in the past. The next would be the ideas lens. This would be, with the design, the ens which better would fit with LEGO Groups strategy, and the one that they should develop most. I say this because in the market where this company competes new ideas are very important, in order to maintain competitiveness. Finally there would be the discourse lens, which I think could also be a good strategy for LEGO, but not the best, because we have to remember that LEGO doesnt want its managers to have too much power and legitimacy. Their work should be more focused on teamwork and cooperation between higher and lower power levels in the company.

Is the term ‘Just War’ now outdated? Essay

Debates about what we now call adept strugglefare go back as far as the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Cicero. In Christian understanding, the theory was developed by St Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan in 374, and his student Augustine. Drawing on Roman ideas and the Old Testament, they marked out that lone(prenominal) a legitimate governmental authority has the right to declare war it must be aimed at restoring peace and ideally should be a move resort.The political situation was such that war was constant, and there was a need for a set of principles in order for the state to support the Church. Pacifism was tell for the clergy and monks only, and it became permissible to wage war on certain grounds, for instance if unjustly attacked. However war for revenge and to get reparations was also allowed, which questions whether it is at all likely to ever fulfill the criteria of either jus ad bellum (the six requirements that must be satisfied by the heads of state) or jus in bello (justice in the conduct of battle).Later, Thomas doubting Thomas connected and organized the theory in the Summa Theologicae he discussed the justifications for going to war. The legitimate authority principle prevented civil uprisings and feudal wars. Originally, the King was anointed and seen as responsible sooner God for his military actions thus only the King had the right to wage war on Gods enemies.However throughout history this has been challenged for instance, the commie revolution violently established new authority over the previously existing autocratic ruler. Furthermore, in a democratic country, where the prime minister has been elected, the notion of the governmental leader having some sort of a connection with God is inappropriate. The atrocities of the First World War, although declared by legitimate authorities, are clearly not what the Just War Theory ever intended. Thus it seems reasonable to suggest that the theory is outdated, for technological advancements m agnified the potential violent impact of war.However, supporters of the United Nations certification Council would say that the Just War theory evolves overtime and adapts to pressing needs for instance after the Second World War much authority was furnish to the UN in order to minimise countries waging war in order to satisfy their own demands and pursue their own aims and reactions. Approaching the end of the war at the Yalta concourse (1945) it was decided to ensure a third party could regulate the military affairs of the superpowers. However the UN could not prevent further military conflicts between the eighties and 90s the Eastern superpower weakened and the USA, as the remaining paymaster of the UN, gained a lot of support. For instance the carnage committed by Israel, Americas ally, has been largely overlooked, whereas the pre-emptive glow on Iraq was approved. Thus the concept of Just War remains impracticable.The issue of terrorism has also proved to be a challenge for the Just War theory. Terrorists are essentially illegitimate authorities trying to bring about political change through violent means their conduct is often extreme, including the engage of shakhids in Chechnya (female suicide bombers, often very young). In the light of 09/11 it is fair to say that when such brutal and inhuman methods are being used, a proportionate response by definition will not be a just one either. This puts certain states in a difficult go under in terms of following the Just War principles. The organization identified as responsible, Al-Qaida, are not representative of any one country. The members are severe to track and the US cannot cope with its strategy, despite the military and nuclear powers at its disposal.It is particularly difficult to satisfy the demands of jus in bello when the threat of Nuclear warfare is probable once more since the Cold War. Back then the American Roman Catholic bishops condemned the use of nuclear weapons because they are in discriminate and disproportionate. But even if it is possible to maintain diplomacy between countries and avoid NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical weaponry) it is impossible to control non-governmental sources and rogue states that may obtain NBC and use it to threaten and blackmail. The just war theory cannot provide a clear cut response to the problem of proportionality with regards to nuclear weaponry.The above problems are characteristic of our time the term Just War seems out of keeping with the scale and nature of modern warfare. Resources are growing scarce, world economy is unstable, and political differences drive nations to extreme military measures no cause is fully just and no major state can be innocent. However, there are other issues that are not discussed as often in terms of just war such as the division between the rich and the poor countries, and whether the latter would be justified in waging war to establish a fairer system than the one existing right now. Overall, the Just War theory can be modified and updated it should not be dismissed because there is a desperate need for peace and justice in the world today.

Motivation Essay

Motivation and the Brain The Desire to Exercise and Be Physically receive Motivation and the Brain The Desire to Exercise and Be Physically Fit The motivating that drives people to interest in animal(prenominal) activities resembling exercise can be analyzed as a solving of many contributing factors. Theories exist regarding whether desire can be attributed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors. The caput structures and functions responsible for this type of indigence are complex and unique. Each individual will have his or her own reasons, but ultimately, some key factors can be noted.The role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators The motivational factors that drive people to engage in physical activities like proceedinging out at a fitness club, or running, appear to be mostly intrinsic. Heredity does not seem to be a prominent motivator however, ones environment will indeed have some effect. Children raised(a) by athletes will obviously more inclined and motivated to partic ipate in physical activities as an athlete would likely push his or her son or daughter to be athletic like them. other increasingly popular source of motivation to work out is the desire to maintain serious wellness, including keeping a healthy body freight. Another possible motivation is the desire one may have to prove to their own selves, the extent of their capacity. The term self-efficacy can be summarized with an individual asking himself or herself the following two questions Am I capable of doing this activity? and Will I be self-made in achieving my goals if I engage in this behavior? The internal question specific to this article would be Am I capable of successfully participating in an ongoing diet and exercise course of instruction? Self-efficacy can also be described as situation-specific self-confidence (Grogan, Connor, & Smithson,2006). Another possible explanation for the motivation to diet and exercise is the Protection Motivation Theory, which suggests that people are motivated to protect themselves from harmful or stressful life events (Deci, 2004). In other words, an individual who maintains his or herself at peak physical stipulation can develop a sense that he or she is prepared for any disease or threat that may cross his or her path.Some may become paranoid and overly overcautious in considering every possible harm that could fall upon them this fear is drives them in the relentless pursuit of physical health. Perhaps the most gratifying benefit of exercising is the change it will bring to ones physique. The tone and definition, weight loss and strength are obvious and can be noticed evenhandedly quickly and easily. Along with these changes come the encouragement and positive feedback from ones peers this is a huge motivator. research shows that Acknowledgment, Positive Feedback and Encouragement for self-initiation tend to increase intrinsic motivation (Deci, 2004). It does seem the motivation for maintaining physical health is largely intrinsic, previous family medical history, such as inherent life-threatening diabetes could be considered an extrinsic motivator. compress placed on individuals by family members and medical professionals regarding the risks of an unhealthy diet and lethargic behavior can be significant motivating factors that would drive one to take action to improve their health.Both intrinsic motivation and integrated extrinsic motivation are facilitated in situations that are interpersonally supportive, that is, here parents, teachers, managers, health care providers, and coaches witness and acknowledge the perspectives of their children, students, employees, patients, and athletes, respectively, and encourage them to experiment, allow them to try their own solutions to problems, provide them with choices, and respond to their initiations (Deci, 2004).Brain Structures and functions associated with the motivation to work out An important thing to note the brain structures and funct ions associated with this type of motivation. The feeling a person experiences in the aftermath of a long training session can be extremely euphoric. One system revolves around a set of opioid neurotransmitters of which endorphins are a special case. The term endorphin refers to internal morphine.Endorphins are chiefly located in the pain pathways and are responsible for reducing the negative effects of pain stimuli and stressors (Deckers, 2010). Another argument that could be made would be that the gender aspect related to the concern about weight and appearance. It has been suggested that gay men and heterosexual women are under significantly more acute social oblige to attain the culturally valued slender body type (Grogan, Connor, & Smithson,2006).