CASE STUDY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASE STUDY - Coursework Example It was during this bidding that Preston realized the inefficiency of their control charts. HP personnel compared their own control charts with Preston’s and found the later to be lagging. At Preston the employees were only working to meet specifications. Hence, this helped in identifying the underlying problem in the plant. The third significant event responsible for adoption of quality principles was the acquisition of the plant by Rendall. Rendall acquired the plant considering it to be a turnaround opportunity. However, the company was disappointed to find the inefficient processes and poor productivity levels at the plant. Moreover, without the Vector project, it was going to be difficult for the plant to survive. This need for urgency was a big factor in motivating Tom and other employees at Preston to adopt quality based principles. The fourth significant event was the meeting of Tom Branton with HP personnel in Chicago in June, 2000. It was in this meeting that Tom actually realized the problems in their control charts. HP people compared Preston’s control charts with their own and made Tom aware of the issues. Tom realized that HP was utilizing Preston’s data more effectively than they themselves were. This event acted as a trigger for the quality drive. The last event which acted as a nail in the coffin was the decision of not awarding the Vector project to Preston in September, 2000. Rendall almost decided to shut down the plant. However, Rendalll was taken into confidence by Preston’s management team. This was the point where the real turnaround began. The basic philosophy which Preston used in its quality program was to ensure that the plant would not operate till the process is in a state of control. Earlier the employees were under dilemma in case the process was not in control. They would bear the brunt both for low productivity and for producing defective products when

19th Century Rural New England Family Essay Example for Free

19th Century Rural New England Family Essay 19th Century rural New England family was a protrusion of slave-master relationship that affected all facets of American socio-cultural life. The narrative of Frederick Douglass describe that interracial relationships between a slave woman and male master were common but these relationships never got any social or religious sanctity. Douglass portrayal of his mother clearly indicates the relationship with her master provided no solace to him but rather aggravated her pathos and miseries. It further manifest that such relationships were not based on any mutual warmth but were a manifestation of ‘gratification of their (masters) wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable†. (p. 166) The slave child, production of this relationship, was not entitled to any privileges or rights, socially or legally. So it was quite likely that â€Å"the children of slave women shall in all cases follow the conditions of their mothers† (p. 167) These slave children were also deprived of maternal affection as â€Å"it [was] a common custom, in the part of Maryland†¦, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. Frequently, before the child [had] reached its twelfth month, its mothers is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off†¦ (p. 165) The mother-children relations were cordial but they were not allowed to meet quite often as Douglass himself saw his mother five or six times during her lifetime. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay The relationship never developed as there was very little communication between mothers and their children. These children were also kept ignorant of their birthdates and parentage. They were also shorn of basic necessities of life like clothing, lodging and nutrition. Furthermore, these slave-children were subjected to amplified hardship as compared with other slaves because they were â€Å"a constant offence to their mistress†. This also highlights that 19th century rural family of New England was not solely patriarchal but women had immense influence in the affair of household. For example, Douglass writes, â€Å"The master is frequently compelled to sell this class of his slaves, out of deference to the feeling of his white wife. †(p. 166) Similarly, relationship with other member of his parental family were used to be harsh and they were used to undergo harsh treatment and whipping by their white brothers quite frequently. There was no intimacy between slave brothers and sisters and their mutual relationship never developed due the absence of a central tie i. e. parentage. On the other hand, it is illustrated that the role of slave woman in the community were limited to heavy toil and labor at plantations, fulfillment of master’s lusts and sexual desires whenever needed. Their emotional, psychological and mental health was never taken into consideration. The relations of these slave girls and slave children to the community were totally utilitarian and totalitarian as they were used as tool to increase the agricultural production and to satisfy the savage desires and habitual formations of the masters respectively. These slaves were regarded as an entity that was included in their (master’s) property rights and were sanctioned by socio-legal system. So in the wide social perspective, slaves acted as economic instruments and this subordination was characterized not only by commercial necessities but also by psychological phenomenon i. e. to satisfy the human propensities by subjecting them harsh punishments.

Social Identity in the Breakfast Club :: Movie Film Breakfast Club Identities Essays

Social Identity in the Breakfast Club Breakfast Club film contained a wide variety of behavior and stereotypes. Each person had their on personality and taste at the beginning of the film. I believe that communication played the biggest part in the movie. It shows the way that people from totally different backgrounds can communicate and even agree on issues. The various types of communication and behaviors within the film will be discussed. Key terms will be pointed out and highlighted, as well as described in relation to the examples extracted from the film. To begin with the film started out with a communication climate that was both tense and without verbal communication. This was mainly due to the variance in membership constructs of the characters involved. The character's included the brain Brian, Andrew the athlete, the criminal Bender, the princess Claire, and the basket case Allison. There was a great deal of interesting nonverbal communication taking place between these people. Their reactions and responses to each other demonstrated perceptual errors, which would be shown as the story progressed. The gender conflict styles also played a role. The girls both tended to listen, rather than hold the attention of the others. This was especially true in Allison's case, whom never spoke. Allison was introduced in the movie as the basket case. Allison showed that she was obviously insecure, seating herself facing away from the rest of the room (avoidance). She would not speak out. She was non-assertive, when asked what she wanted she would not respond (impervious response). She would only sit and smile to herself. You could categorize her in to the passive aggressive label perfectly. She didn't like herself (low self-esteem), or others. She was both futile and helpless. The only way she displayed her anger was by giving a whimper. She obviously had a lot of pent up feeling, for she reveals a lot later in the movie through self-disclosure. Allison obviously lacked the respect of others, for she had no friends whatsoever prior to her time spent in this detention. She also has nervous ticks, such chewing her nails, and played with her hair. Brian was another case of insecurity. The influence of self-concept was strong with Brian Johnson for he had no sense of self. He could not meet the standards of his desired self and was therefore unhappy with himself as a person.

Financial Analysis of Agl Limited

GAL has a current ratio of less than 2 and less than PAP in 2012 meaning it does not have a satisfactory amount of current asset to cover its current liabilities. However, when it comes to 2012, both current ratio and quick ratio has a positive improvement showing GAL did not improve its short-term liquidity by stocking high level of inventory but really increased its level of cash and receivables. On the other hand, the operating cash flow ratio of GAL has reduced in 2012 meanings the decrease of ability to generate cash from operation.The increased amount of cash but decrease amount of ability to generate cash reveals that GAL increase its amount of cash by financing activities like issue of shares and borrowing. This activity makes Debt and coverage There are five ratios measuring the debt and coverage of a company. They are three debt ratios, Liabilities to Equity ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio and Capital Structure Leverage, Interest Coverage and Operating Cash Flow Ratio. All debt ratios of GAL have a sudden and great increase in 2012.It indicates that GAL increase its cash mainly by borrowing rather than issue share. This practice calling debt financing can get tax deduction which is more beneficial than equity financing. The company's interest coverage has dropped significantly discloses the decline of ability to pay interest due to the great amount of borrowing. However, when compared to PAP, the debt ratios of GAL still are not as great as that of PAP and GAL has higher interest coverage. This shows GAL is not in a very bad situation in borrowing.Efficiency The efficiency of GAL has decreased compared to last two year showing by the remover ratio such as Account Receivable, Inventory and Fixed Asset turnover. Nevertheless, the turnover rates of GAL are still greater than PAP and that of PAP are at the same time decrease. This may expose the fact that the efficiency of the industry is lower in 2012. Overall, GAL has a very poor performance in 2012. Althou gh this may be due to the low efficiency of the industry, the main reason is the low profitability of GAL together with the huge borrowing. The fact that GAL did not make the best use of the borrowing is brought to light.

Famous Management Journals

RESEARCH WORSHOP ASSIGNMENT # 04 According to the subject classification of your discipline print the followings: ? List the journals in your discipline ? List of approved journals by HEC ? List of journals in your area for ISI Thomson list ? List of some selected journals with some impact factor MPhil Human Resource Management SUBMITTED ON: 2nd March, 2012 Discipline Chosen: Management Area Chosen: HRM Journal Stated (Management): 141 HRM Journal as per ISI Thomson List: 110 Impact factor as per 2010 SERIAL NO: |NAME OF JOURNAL |3-YEAR IMPACT FACTOR |5-YEAR IMPACT FACTOR |HRM JOURNAL IN ISI | | |(MANAGEMENT) | | |THOMSON LIST | |1 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT ANNALS |5. 440 |5. 342 |? | |2 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL |5. 250 |10. 779 |? | |3 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT LEARNING & EDUCATION |2. 33 |3. 333 | | |4 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES |2. 470 |2. 500 |? | |5 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT REVIEW |6. 720 |11. 657 |? | |6 |ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE QUARTERLY |3. 684 |7. 539 |? | |7 |ADVANCES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT-A RESEARCH ANNUAL |0. 43 |0. 636 | | |8 |ADVANCES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT-A RESEARCH ANNUAL | | | | |9 |AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT | | |? | |10 |AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION | | |? | |11 |ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES |0. 18 | |? | |12 |ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |3. 355 | |? | |13 |ASIAN BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT |0. 610 | |? | |14 |AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |0. 469 | |? | |15 |AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION | | |? |16 |BALTIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |0. 525 | |? | |17 |BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | | |? | |18 |BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING |0. 403 |0. 646 |? | |19 |BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |1. 033 |1. 529 |? | |20 |BRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |1. 85 |2. 631 |? | |21 |CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW |1. 706 |2. 524 |? | |22 |CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES |0. 714 |0. 695 |? | |23 |CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY |1. 345 |1. 406 |? | |24 |CHINESE MANAGEMENT ST UDIES |0. 750 |0. 39 |? | |25 |CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND PEACE SCIENCE | | |? | |26 |CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL | | |? | |27 |CULTURE AND ORGANIZATION | | |? | |28 |DECISION SCIENCES |2. 233 |3. 937 |? |29 |Â  EUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT | | | | |30 |EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |0. 690 |0. 926 |? | |31 |EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT |0. 220 | |? | |32 |EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY |1. 489 |2. 682 |? |33 |EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT JOURNAL | | |? | |34 |FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT | | | | |35 |GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION |0. 733 |1. 373 |? | |36 |GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT |2. 415 |2. 710 |? | |37 |GROUP DECISION AND NEGOTIATION |1. 48 |1. 313 |? | |38 |HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW |1. 881 |2. 671 |? | |39 |HUMAN ORGANIZATION | | |? | |40 |HUMAN PERFORMANCE |0. 636 |1. 962 |? | |41 |HUMAN RELATIONS |1. 701 |2. 95 |? | |42 |HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY |0. 475 | |? | |43 |HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT |1. 341 |1. 825 |? | |44 |HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL | | |? | |45 |HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW |2. 796 | |? |46 |INDUSTRIAL & LABOR RELATIONS REVIEW |1. 071 |1. 607 |? | |47 |INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE| | |? | | |AND PRACTICE | | | | |48 |INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |1. 311 |1. 948 |? |49 |Â  INDUTRIAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT | | | | |50 |INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT | | | | |51 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT | | |? | |52 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT |0. 869 |1. 610 |? |53 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION | | |? | |54 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS | | |? | |55 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS |2. 641 |4. 304 |? | |56 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER |0. 429 |0. 752 |? | |57 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS & PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT |1. 12 |2. 792 | | |58 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT | | | | |59 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION & ASSESMENT | | |? | |6 0 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT |0. 859 |1. 361 |? | |61 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRESS MANAGEMENT | | |? |62 |INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION | | |? | |63 |INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL | | |? | |64 |INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES |0. 848 |0. 798 |? | |65 |JOURNAL FOR EAST EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT STUDIES |0. 781 | |? | |66 |JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE |1. 82 | |? | |67 |JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY |3. 977 |6. 730 |? | |68 |Â  JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | | |? | |69 |JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING |1. 672 |2. 409 |? | |70 |JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT |3. 66 | | | |71 |JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT | | | | |72 |JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH |1. 773 |2. 484 |? | |73 |JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT |1. 639 |1. 986 |? | |74 |JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT |1. 50 |1. 125 |? | |75 |Â  JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY | | |? | |76 |JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT |0. 623 |0. 894 |? | |77 |JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY |1. 123 |1. 656 | | |78 |JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-APPLIED |2. 237 |2. 09 |? | |79 |JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION | | |? | |80 |JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |0. 430 | |? | |81 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES |4. 184 |5. 539 |? | |82 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION | | |? |83 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTING | | | | |84 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT |1. 298 | |? | |85 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |3. 758 |6. 210 |? | |86 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION |0. 425 | |? | |87 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY |1. 83 |1. 600 |? | |88 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES |3. 817 |4. 684 |? | |89 |JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY |2. 150 | |? | |90 |JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY |0. 882 |2. 259 |? | |91 |JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT |5. 093 |6. 29 | | |92 |JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR |2. 351 |4. 411 |? | |93 |JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHA VIOR MANAGEMENT |0. 963 |1. 222 |? | |94 |JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT |0. 650 |0. 944 |? | |95 |JOURNAL OF PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY | | |? |96 |JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT | | | | |97 |JOURNAL OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT | | | | |98 |JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT | | | | |99 |JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT |5. 853 |11. 06 | | |100 |JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY |1. 102 |1. 481 | | |101 |JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR |2. 604 |3. 928 | | |102 |JOURNAL OF WORLD BUSINESS | | |? | |103 |KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH & PRACTICE |0. 55 | | | |104 |LEADERSHIP |0. 535 |1. 381 |? | |105 |LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY |2. 902 |4. 919 |? | |106 |Â  MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING RESEARCH | | | | |107 |MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW |2. 06 | |? | |108 |MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY | | | | |109 |MANAGEMENT DECISION |1. 078 | | | |110 |MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL REVIEW |0. 882 | |? | |111 |MANAGEMENT SCIENCE |2. 221 |3. 66 |? | |112 |MIS QUARTERLY |5. 041 |9. 821 | | |113 |MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW |1. 452 |2. 317 |? | |114 |NEW TECHNOLOGY WORK AND EMPLOYMENT |0. 469 |1. 000 |? | |115 |OMEGA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE |3. 467 |3. 733 |? |116 |ORGANIZATION |1. 488 |2. 152 |? | |117 |ORGANIZATION & ENVIRONMENT | | |? | |118 |ORGANIZATION SCIENCE |3. 800 |5. 838 |? | |119 |ORGANIZATION STUDIES |2. 339 | |? | |120 |ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES |2. 80 |3. 586 |? | |121 |ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS |0. 862 |0. 979 |? | |122 |ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS |4. 423 |5. 350 |? | |123 |PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY |3. 367 |6. 395 |? | |124 |PERSONNEL REVIEW |0. 446 |1. 74 |? | |125 |Â  PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT | | | | |126 |PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION |1. 292 |1. 938 |? | |127 |PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REVIEW |1. 295 |1. 387 |? | |128 |Â  PUBLIC PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW | | |? |129 |PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT |0. 200 |0. 479 |? | |130 |R & D MANAGEMENT |1. 580 |2. 806 |? | |131 |RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR |4. 833 |5. 167 |? | |132 |REVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION | | |? | |133 |REVIEW OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION |0. 91 | |? | |134 |SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |1. 108 | |? | |135 |SMALL GROUP RESEARCH |1. 148 |1. 888 | | |136 |SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT |0. 146 | | | |137 |STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL |3. 583 |6. 18 | | |138 |STRATEGIC ORGANIZATION |2. 727 | | | |139 |TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT & BUSINESS EXCELLENCE | | | | |140 |WORK AND OCCUPATIONS |0. 857 |1. 682 |? | |141 |WORK AND STRESS |3. 071 |4. 71 |? | |TOTAL |141 |99 |75 |110 | HEC RECOGNIZED JOURNALS: 10 DISCIPLINE: MANAGEMENT 1. Business Review 2. Journal of Behavioral Sciences 3. Journal of Gender & Social Issues 4. Journal of Independent Studies and Research? Management 5. Journal of Quality & Technology Management 6. Pakistan Business Review 7. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 8. Pakistan Journal of Psychology 9. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Indu strial Research 10. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences

261 Peer Review and Intro to Unit 2 1914 1945 Professor Ramos Blog

261 Peer Review and Intro to Unit 2 1914 1945 Cultural Conflict Essay Quick Write What questions do you have about the essay? Cultural Conflict Essay Cultural Conflict Essay Prompt Focus on conflict or cultural conflict Clear thesis/argument Close reading of text: Focus on scenes, lines, characters, etc. that highlight the conflict or cultural conflict in the text you are analyzing. Peer Review Research for Cultural Conflict Essay Scholarly research to help us understand and analyze the text. You can research the cultural conflict you are writing about. Example: Slavery Slavery in Huck Finn Racism and Huck Finn Racism and Mark Twain Reconstruction and racism Civilized and savage Civilized and savage and Huck Finn You can research the author Mark Twain Mark Twain and Society Twain and Huck Finn Twain and Cultural Criticism The text Huckleberry Finn Huck Finn and racism Huck Finn and Jim Huck Finn and Race Conflict and Huck Finn Culture in Huck Finn Conflict and Cultural Conflict Cultural conflict and Twain Cultural conflict and Huck Finn Cultural Conflict and American Literature Conflict and American Lit Conflict and Huck Finn Intro to Unit 2: 1914 1945 In small groups, go through your section and figure out the important aspects we need to understand. Write down three or four takeaways, or important points we need to know. The Two Wars as Historical Markers Changing Times Science and Technology The 1930s American Versions of Modernism Modernism Abroad and On Native Grounds Modern Literature on Stage and Screen

buy custom Chemical Weapons essay

buy custom Chemical Weapons essay Chemical weapons can as well be termed as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). These weapons have the ability of killing masses and causing large-scale harm to the human race, man-made structures, and even mountains. The only country to have used such weapons of mass destruction was the United States against Japan during the World War II. The results were catastrophic with over 120,000 people perishing and a further 200 000 people dying due to cancer and other forms of infection due to exposure of the radiations (Prasad, 2009). In general, chemical weapons use the noxious properties of chemical substances relatively to their explosive properties in order to produce physiological effects on the enemy. Chemical weapons fall under three categories: Nerve agents, blister, and choking agents. Types of chemical material weapons: Sarin: This type of chemical mateials were once used by arum terrorists in 1995 to attack the Tokyo subway lines and left twelve people dead plus other 5000 wounded. Cyanides: cyanide is used in many plastic as well as chemical products. It is very toxic and has very high concentration which can lead to rapid death. The US vulnerabilities to chemical weapons Like any other first world country, the US has its own of enemies, and especially most of the terrorist groups. The director of central intelligence in the country once testified that United States was poorly equipped to defend itself against any form of terrorist armed with such chemicals or biological weapons (Prasad, 2009). Nuclear materials have found way into the black markets and that poses great danger to the nations homeland and national security. Terrorist attacks like the September 11th have prroven that the country is vulnerable from attacks either from sea or air. Terrorist developing chemical weapons Its believed some terrorist groups like the al-Qaeda may poses some chemical weapons. This is a great dander to many nations who are in fight against terrorism and a danger to countries who are allies to the US to. During the Iran-Iraq war in 1991 its believed that Iran used some chemical nerve agents against Iraq. With attacks in Tokyo subways by the Arum terrorist group, whereby chemical materials were used it shows the great length these people can god to distort a nations security and harm people (Prasad, 2009). Chemical weapons are therefore very dangerous and should not be used in any situation. Any form of warfare involving the use of such weapon can result in catastrophic effects, deaths, destruction of nature and even man-made features. Buy custom Chemical Weapons essay

Elasticity of Demand Practice Problem

Elasticity of Demand Practice Problem In microeconomics, the elasticity of demand refers to the measure of how sensitive the demand for a good is to shifts in other economic variables. In practice, elasticity is particularly important in modeling the potential change in demand due to factors like changes in the goods price. Despite its importance, it is one of the most misunderstood concepts. To get a better grasp on the elasticity of demand in practice, lets take a look at a practice problem. Before trying to tackle this question, youll want to refer to the following introductory articles to ensure your understanding of the underlying concepts:  a beginners guide to elasticity and using calculus to calculate elasticities. Elasticity Practice Problem This practice problem has three parts: a, b, and c. Lets read through the prompt and questions. Q: The weekly demand function for butter in the province of Quebec is Qd 20000 - 500Px 25M 250Py, where Qd is quantity in kilograms purchased per week, P is price per kg in dollars, M is the average annual income of a Quebec consumer in thousands of dollar, and Py is the price of a kg of margarine. Assume that M 20, Py $2, and the weekly supply function is such that the equilibrium price of one kilogram of butter is $14. a. Calculate the cross-price elasticity of the demand for butter (i.e. in response to changes in the price of margarine) at the equilibrium. What does this number mean? Is the sign important? b. Calculate the income elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. c. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. What can we say about the demand for butter at this price-point? What significance does this fact hold for suppliers of butter? Gathering the Information and Solving for Q Whenever I work on a question such as the one above, I first like to tabulate all of the relevant information at my disposal. From the question we know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyWith this information, we can substitute and calculate for Q:Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyQ 20000 - 500*14 25*20 250*2Q 20000 - 7000 500 500Q 14000Having solved for Q, we can now add this information to our table:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyNext, well answer a  practice problem. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part A Explained a. Calculate the cross-price elasticity of the demand for butter (i.e. in response to changes in the price of margarine) at the equilibrium. What does this number mean? Is the sign important? So far, we know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyAfter reading using calculus to calculate cross-price elasticity of demand, we see that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of cross-price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to the other firms price P. Thus we can use the following equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dPy)*(Py/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of the other firms price. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dPy 250 So we substitute dQ/dPy 250 and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dPy)*(Py/Q)Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*Py)/(20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py) Were interested in finding what the cross-price elasticity of demand is at M 20, Py 2, Px 14, so we substitute these into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*Py)/(20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py)Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*2)/(14000)Cross-price elasticity of demand 500/14000Cross-price elasticity of demand 0.0357 Thus our cross-price elasticity of demand is 0.0357. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes (if it were negative, then the goods would be complements). The number indicates that when the price of margarine goes up 1%, the demand for butter goes up around 0.0357%. Well answer part b of the practice problem on the next page. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part B Explained b. Calculate the income elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. We know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyAfter reading  using calculus to calculate income elasticity of demand, we see that (using M for income rather than I as in the original article), we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of income elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to income. Thus we can use the following equation: Price Elasticity of Income: = (dQ / dM)*(M/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of income. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to M and get: dQ/dM = 25 So we substitute dQ/dM 25 and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our price elasticity of income equation: Income elasticity of demand: (dQ / dM)*(M/Q)Income elasticity of demand: (25)*(20/14000)Income elasticity of demand: 0.0357Thus our income elasticity of demand is 0.0357. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes. Next, well answer part c of the practice problem on the last page. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part C Explained c. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. What can we say about the demand for butter at this price-point? What significance does this fact hold for suppliers of butter? We know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyOnce again, from reading  using calculus to calculate price elasticity of demand, we know that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to price. Thus we can use the following equation: Price elasticity of demand: (dQ / dPx)*(Px/Q) Once again, in order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of price. That is still the case in our demand equation of 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dPx -500 So we substitute dQ/dP -500, Px14, and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our price elasticity of demand equation: Price elasticity of demand: (dQ / dPx)*(Px/Q)Price elasticity of demand: (-500)*(14/20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py)Price elasticity of demand: (-500*14)/14000Price elasticity of demand: (-7000)/14000Price elasticity of demand: -0.5 Thus our price elasticity of demand is -0.5. Since it is less than 1 in absolute terms, we say that demand is price inelastic, which means that consumers are not very sensitive to price changes, so a price hike will lead to increased revenue for the industry.

Assignment1+2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment1+2 - Essay Example Leadership basically refers to people who have the capacity to bring about changes in other people. Organizations are characterized by the unique culture that is inherent in the overall working of the organization. The fast changing pace of the technology can be observed in the study of the organizations and the changing role of leadership within the organizations. The role of leaders, managers and the administrators of the organizations become more challenging when new strategy and policy decisions are introduced in the organizations. The good leadership ensures effective communication with the employees with shared vision of the new strategy thus promoting better understanding among the employees for easy adaptability to change. Hence, the knowledge of core psycho analytical concepts becomes important tools to the leadership for understanding the organizational behavior that significantly impact group dynamics.. The understanding of psychoanalytical concepts provides invaluable information regarding the socio-psychological factors that adversely affect the performance outcome of the workforce. Unconscious and repression, transference, envy and rivalry are few major concepts that considerably influence the human nature and consequently the behavior of the organization. Freud, the eminent socio-psychologist has contributed extensively towards understanding of these core psychoanalytical ingredients so that the one is better able to analyze human behavior within the prescribed social norms. Social scientists have corroborated that the psycho-analytical perspectives are important tools for understanding the hidden dynamics of human relationship, especially with regard to corporate culture, social defenses, leadership imperatives, motivation and other paradigms associated with organizational behavior (Levinson, 2002; Gabriel, 1999). The understanding equips the leadership with the necessary

Orestes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orestes - Essay Example But both are in big trouble. A faction in Athens wants to execute them both for murder. They turn to their uncle Menelaus for protection, but they are betrayed. Eventually the god Apollo appears and fixes all of the problems between the people, but for some time it was very close. The themes of this play are timeless: family honour, the divine, the meaning of war. Nevertheless, these themes could always use some updating and this was done very effectively at the Getty Villa production of Orestes. To be honest, I was very impressed. The differences between this production and one done in ancient Greek are clear. To begin with, in Greece, the play would have been performed in an amphitheatre; in Getty Villa it was performed on a stage in front of a modern audience in modern day California (a state that would not have been settled back in Ancient Greece). In the traditional performance, the actors would have been all male and would probably have worn masks to show their different emotions. In the modern interpretation their costumes are made of nicer material and they are able to act in very innovative ways (some even using the Stravinsky method or method acting). Some of these things would have been seen by the Ancient Greeks to be improvements on the originalà ¢â‚¬â€for example, they would be sitting in the sun in California instead of in Greece, a country with four distinct seasons. They would probably get used to the actors not using masks, but they may have objected to some of the roles being played by women: ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and should not be allowed to act. This meant that men played the roles of women. It would certainly be strange to see a big burly man playing the role of Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world! One final point, the physical space of any theatre is vital to the success of a performance. I found the use of space at the Getty Villa production wonderful. The acoustics worked perfectly and the actors

Regional Politics (Africa, Middle East or East Asia) Essay - 1

Regional Politics (Africa, Middle East or East Asia) - Essay Example Culture is defined as a people’s way of thinking, behaving and handling different situations both common and common, all of which influences the ability of people within a country to accept different situations created by democracy. Democratic institutions are governmental and nongovernmental units created to operate with complete autonomy to deliver different needs to the people. Institutions in a country include the judiciary, the police services, the armed forces, aid organisations and other units created for the wellbeing of the society. In this paper, I will highlight how the development of democratic and dependent institutions of a country is influenced by cultural maturity. The different cultural environments within a number of countries in the middle east, Africa and other developing economies will be compared with the cultural environments found in first world countries (Hadenius & Teorell, 2005). Cultural maturity and progress differ in different countries and this h as enabled some regions to develop as compared to others for example the socialist Asia and former soviet and the capitalist west. The level of democratization of institution in these countries differs and this has been attributed to the way of life found among the different countries. Culture is a multifaceted domain that cannot be highlighted as a block in trying to determine its impacts of democratization of different institutions in different countries. According to Tabellini (2005), culture’s casual effect results from its ability to affect development in a country endogenously. This measure of impacts on economic development is similar to the impacts it can produce on the democratization of institutions and organs of a country’s governance system (Tabellini, 2005). A number of questions have however arose about these differences and authors have attempted to explain why this is not the case in African and other countries in the Middle East. The United Kingdom and the United States experienced political transformation in the early 18th to 20th century, a fact that is attributed to the development of these countries into republic and democratic countries. With the French revolution leading to the abolition of the monarch system, the French cultural practices changed with the embracement of democratic governance. This affected other institutions in the country that led to significant independence and democratization of these arms of government (Ichino, Bornhorst, Schlag & Winter, 2004). In contrast, the independence and democratization of institutions in china and other Asian and African countries has remained significantly below pace. This can be explained to the prevalent government control, coercion, intimidation and interference in the operations of these institutions. When the French revolution led to the replacement of the monarch system with a more democratic governance system, the continuous revolts in china led to the replacement of o ne monarch with the other. The monarchs were operated from one ideological principle that had no variation from the previous regimes, a process that further weakens the democratization process of the countries (Diermeier & Krehbiel, 2003). The African situation is fluid as compared to other

On balance, does the 'rise' of China present a greater opportunity or Essay

On balance, does the 'rise' of China present a greater opportunity or threat to Australia's national interests - Essay Example Australia believed in the notion that it needs to do its defense from the Asian countries. They have held this believe ever since the early years of the cold war between Australia and Asia. Although this believe of Australia has been revised in several aspects but still some countries are a potential threat to Australia. One of such countries is the rising super power China (Capling, pp. 601-622). This essay takes into account the aspects in which australia consider china as a threat. These factors may be military, social and economical sjakjs. Nations are concerned about the present power status of China. There is a vast difference between as nation which takes 300 years to develop and one that rises in 30 years. The nation that rises in a span of 30 years is the result of its effective strategy while the one that take 300 years to develop is merely dependent on luck. China can be considered a best example of rising strategy. Many scholars have been assessing the rising strategies o f China for about 2 decades but still they haven’t reached on any conclusion regarding its power status. (White, 2013) The rise of China has made many nations think over different trade and defense issues of Asia Pacific. The ongoing strategic competition between America and China is visible to the whole world. Keeping the present conditions in mind the Australian strategists are not thinking over the regional conflict that they may face from China but are debating over the issue that how Australia must prepare itself for war. This explains that Australia views China as a present and potential trust for its defense and national interest. Australia is fully aware of the fact that China is an emerging super power; therefore it knows that unfriendly relations with China can be a major threat for its national security. The poor culture understanding between Australia and China has also increased the ideological distrust between the two rising nations. This has also negatively aff ected the economic relationship of China and Australia. The culture of both the regions differs from each other in several aspects. This must not be considered as an aspect of weak economical relations between the two countries. Australia must try to develop good cultural relationship with China, as it will foster good trade relations between the two countries and the trade between Australia and china can be profitable for both countries. (Capling, 2008) Other than this, Australia has many questions to address which may have various impacts on its future with China. There is an important question being discussed among the strategic mind of Australia based on its national interest and its defense policy. The questions that are the being discussed by Australian’s strategic mind revolves around its participation in the future war between America and China. Australia is also thinking over the fact that its defense system must be strong enough to face the China at any given time i n future. Clearly one cannot deny the fact that the rise of China has been a threat for the military of Australia since World War II(Barker, 2011). The present Australian policy is not to appease or provoke China but to support and protect Australia and build its defense so that it can face any threat in unfavorable circumstances. Australia also holds certain policies regarding supporting US as they

The Corporate Strategy of Google Inc Case Study

The Corporate Strategy of Google Inc - Case Study Example y they Goggled while searching for it hence achieving its mission of â€Å"to organize the world information and make it universally accessible and useful (Chaffey, 2010). A corporate strategy is plans designed to achieve some specific or particular goal; otherwise it is cooperation scope and direction geared towards various business operation working together to achieve set goals. Google being information sharing company it require strict and laid down strategies which it should follow to ensure that it successfully progresses. This has made it have an experimental culture those empowers employees, but more importantly defending its core. This experimental culture can well be explained using a four part analysis (Rosen, 2008). The first part of the culture strategy is earn, then entice, defend and lastly to expand t Google’s 95% of its money come from advertising. Google has a very clear and distinct vision of what it wants to become. We dwell in the world that information is valued so much due to increase in intelligence, communication technological information, innovations and education, though organization and compiling of this information that need to be shared out Google comes into safe the world (Rosen,2008). The company revenue income in its ads is slowing down despite its continuous innovation and introduction of new services and products. This creates a bad picture for the company forcing it to look at other revenue streams to sustain growth. Advances are made, and others already made to launch chrome cast during the quarter this is mainly to see that Google dominates the market with less or no major competitors (Chaffey, 2010). Google generates higher percentage of its value from advertising where it competes primary with Microsoft, yahoo and facebook according to research and estimates, standard PC search ads accounts for above 30% of it total value and 60% of revenue. This however, recent trend in earnings indicates a decline in the online PC

On balance, does the 'rise' of China present a greater opportunity or Essay

On balance, does the 'rise' of China present a greater opportunity or threat to Australia's national interests - Essay Example Australia believed in the notion that it needs to do its defense from the Asian countries. They have held this believe ever since the early years of the cold war between Australia and Asia. Although this believe of Australia has been revised in several aspects but still some countries are a potential threat to Australia. One of such countries is the rising super power China (Capling, pp. 601-622). This essay takes into account the aspects in which australia consider china as a threat. These factors may be military, social and economical sjakjs. Nations are concerned about the present power status of China. There is a vast difference between as nation which takes 300 years to develop and one that rises in 30 years. The nation that rises in a span of 30 years is the result of its effective strategy while the one that take 300 years to develop is merely dependent on luck. China can be considered a best example of rising strategy. Many scholars have been assessing the rising strategies o f China for about 2 decades but still they haven’t reached on any conclusion regarding its power status. (White, 2013) The rise of China has made many nations think over different trade and defense issues of Asia Pacific. The ongoing strategic competition between America and China is visible to the whole world. Keeping the present conditions in mind the Australian strategists are not thinking over the regional conflict that they may face from China but are debating over the issue that how Australia must prepare itself for war. This explains that Australia views China as a present and potential trust for its defense and national interest. Australia is fully aware of the fact that China is an emerging super power; therefore it knows that unfriendly relations with China can be a major threat for its national security. The poor culture understanding between Australia and China has also increased the ideological distrust between the two rising nations. This has also negatively aff ected the economic relationship of China and Australia. The culture of both the regions differs from each other in several aspects. This must not be considered as an aspect of weak economical relations between the two countries. Australia must try to develop good cultural relationship with China, as it will foster good trade relations between the two countries and the trade between Australia and china can be profitable for both countries. (Capling, 2008) Other than this, Australia has many questions to address which may have various impacts on its future with China. There is an important question being discussed among the strategic mind of Australia based on its national interest and its defense policy. The questions that are the being discussed by Australian’s strategic mind revolves around its participation in the future war between America and China. Australia is also thinking over the fact that its defense system must be strong enough to face the China at any given time i n future. Clearly one cannot deny the fact that the rise of China has been a threat for the military of Australia since World War II(Barker, 2011). The present Australian policy is not to appease or provoke China but to support and protect Australia and build its defense so that it can face any threat in unfavorable circumstances. Australia also holds certain policies regarding supporting US as they

Company report and promotion plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company report and promotion plan - Essay Example This report seeks to provide a competitive analysis of British Airways and create a promotional plan for the company. The promotional plan will include a marketing mix analysis, time plan, and a brief budget forecast for the expenses and revenues of the promotion. British Airways has several competitors offering the same services and which lie in the same operating area. However, the airline industry in the UK has five strategic categories, which include specialist, non-schedule, no frills, local, and mass service (Kotler, 2002:139). British Airways falls in the mass service category, with other competitors such as Virgin Atlantic, Lufthansa, KLM, and Air France. No frills airline includes Ryan Air and Easy Jet, while non-schedule airline include Thomson. In local airlines, there is BMI and Palm Air in the specialist category (Bucks, 2010). The other four categories do not offer stiff competition compared to the mass service strategic group. British Airways’ main competition comes from serious contenders, who include Virgin Atlantic and United Airlines incorporated in the Star alliance that is controlling BMI. Despite not being in the same strategic category, no-frills airlines are a significant challenge to the British Airways, especi ally due to their low cost fares (Kotler, 2002:134). In addition, the recent sharp increase in oil prices and the economic downturn has led to a war price between the three major airlines plying the London Dubai route, British Airways, emirates, and Virgin Atlantic. Consequently, fare prices have gone down by almost thirty percent, which indicates that competition is still fierce. The marketing mix, or the 4Ps, is a marketing business tool used for determining the selling point of products and services. This analyzes the current marketing mix of British Airways, emphasizing on the price, product, and promotion elements. The report neglects the place

Explain the 5 sources of leader power Essay Example for Free

Explain the 5 sources of leader power Essay If the manufacturing company engages in sales or after-sales industries it pursues forward integration strategy. This strategy is implemented when the company wants to achieve higher economies of scale and larger market share. Forward integration strategy became very popular with increasing internet appearance. Many manufacturing companies have built their online stores and started selling their products directly to consumers, bypassing retailers. Forward integration strategy is effective when: Few quality distributors are available in the industry. Distributors or retailers have high profit margins. Distributors are very expensive, unreliable or unable to meet firm’s distribution needs. The industry is expected to grow significantly. There are benefits of stable production and distribution. The company has enough resources and capabilities to manage the new business. When the same manufacturing company starts making intermediate goods for itself or takes over its previous suppliers, it pursues backward integration strategy. Firms implement backward integration strategy in order to secure stable input of resources and become more efficient. Backward integration strategy is most beneficial when: Firm’s current suppliers are unreliable, expensive or cannot supply the required inputs. There are only few small suppliers but many competitors in the industry. The industry is expanding rapidly. The prices of inputs are unstable. Suppliers earn high profit margins. A company has necessary resources and capabilities to manage the new business. Advantages Advantages of VI: Lower costs due to eliminated market transaction costs Improved quality of supplies Critical resources can be acquired through VI Improved coordination in supply chain Greater market share Secured distribution channels Facilitates investment in specialized assets (site, physical-assets and human-assets) New competencies Disadvantages Disadvantages of VI: Higher costs if the company is incapable to manage new activities efficiently The ownership of supply and distribution channels may lead to lower quality products and reduced efficiency because of the lack of competition Increased bureaucracy and higher investments leads to reduced flexibility Higher potential for legal repercussion due to size (An organization may become a monopoly) New competencies may clash with old ones and lead to competitive disadvantage Alternatives to VI VI may not always be the best choice for an organization due to a lack of sufficient resources that are needed to venture into a new industry. Sometimes the alternatives to VI offer more benefits. The available choices differ in the amount of investments required and the integration level. For example, short-term contracts require little integration and much less investments than joint ventures.

Womens Education And Empowerment In India Sociology Essay

Womens Education And Empowerment In India Sociology Essay Women constitute almost half of the population in the world. But the prevailing masculine ideology made them suffer a lot as they were denied equal opportunities in different parts of the world. The rise of feminist ideas have, however, led to the tremendous improvement of womens condition through out the world in recent times. India being a developing nation and having huge tussles among its political, religious and administrative organs resulting into blocked development and the worst effect of that we can witness into women condition .They do not have proper chance to learn and grow and access to education has been one of the most pressing demands of womens rights . Women education in India has also been a major preoccupation of both the government and civil society as educated women can play a very important role in the development of the country. History of Women Education in India(4,6): Although in the Vedic period women had access to education in India but as the time grew they lost this right to avail education and academic exposure. However, in the British period there was revival of interest in womens education in India due to Britishers strong influence to the core Indian education system. During this period, various socio religious movements led by eminent persons like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar emphasized on womens education in India. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Periyar and Baba Saheb Ambedkar were leaders of the lower castes in India who took various initiatives to make education available to the women of India. They also ensured about their participation in the social gatherings and events by introducing them into polity and administration at all levels. However womens education got a fillip after the country got independence in 1947 and the government has taken various measures to provide education to all Indian women. As a result womens literacy rate has grown over the three decades and the growth of female literacy has in fact been higher than that of male literacy rate. While in 1971 only 22% of Indian women were literate, by the end of 2001 54.16% female were literate. The growth of female literacy rate is 14.87% as compared to 11.72 % of that of male literacy rate and is on growing path. Government has taken a step forward by making education compulsory and free to girl child till the age of fourteen. They are getting reservations in public sector exams and private sectors like Banks, Transport Services, Hospitality and Tourism, Healthcare etc. (4. Freedom Struggle By- Bipin Chandra Pal) Table The Literacy Rate in India 1901-2011 Percentage  Ã‚   of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literates  Ã‚  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   total  Ã‚  Ã‚   population Year  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Persons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Males  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Females 1901  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0.7 1911  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.1 1921  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   12.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.8 1931  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.9 1941  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.3 1951  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.3 1961  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   34.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13.0 1971  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   29.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   39.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18.7 1981  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   36.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   46.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24.8 1991  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   52.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   63.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   39.2 2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   65.38   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   54.0 2011(Recent data) 74.04 82.14 65.46 The above table shows that there is an improvement in women literacy in India during the years. But when we compare it with male literacy it becomes a concern area. (9. Censusindia.gov.in) Importance of Women Education in India(7): Women education in India plays a very important role in the overall development of the country. It not only helps in the development of half of the human resources, but in improving the quality of life at home and outside. Educated women not only tend to promote education of their girl children, but also can provide better guidance to all their children. Moreover educated women can also help in the reduction of infant mortality rate and growth of the nation. Education is a potent tool in the emancipation and empowerment of women. Its true that greatest single factor which can incredibly improve the status of women in any society is education. It is indispensable that education enables women not only to gain more knowledge about the world outside of her shell and home but helps her to get status, positive self esteem, and self confidence. It imparts necessary courage and inner strength to face challenges in life. Apparently it also facilitates them to procure a job and supplement the income of family and achieve social status. Education especially of women has a major impact on health and nutrition as an instrument of developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover educated women can play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying fact that education empowers women. For example the different organs of the United Nations and experts on womens liberation argue for womens education as the basic step to attain equality with men. ( 7. Saraswathi Mishra, Status of Indian Women, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002) Obstacles : As we have discussed earlier to improve women education and condition in India various initiatives and corrective measures have been done but still a lot is expected to be accomplished. THE ROOT CAUSES FOR LOW LITERACY AMONG WOMEN IN INDIA Women education is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. No single factor or cause can be held responsible for very low literacy rate of women in India. Subsequently it is associated with combination of many factors including social, cultural, economic, educational, demographic, political and administrative and so on. The following are the some of the important factors which could be attributed for the present poor state of affairs of womenfolk in education. The Lower Enrolment: The lower enrolment of girls in schools is one of the foundational factors which stand as stumbling block for women empowerment in India. Reliable sources indicate that more than 50 % of the Non-Starters (those who have never been to school) are girls.   According to the latest statistics, two out of every ten girls in the age group of 6-11 are still not enrolled in schools. (1) Higher drop-out rate among girls from schools: The incidence and prevalence of drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas seem to be quite high. According to available sources, occurrence of drop-out and stagnation amongst girls is nearly twice that of boys all over India. (1) Girl Child as Second Mother: In many families girl children play the role of second mother by shouldering the responsibilities of household work such as looking after the sibling, fetching water, collecting firewood, bringing fodder for cattle, cleaning and cooking etc.   In rural India especially in poor families this traditional sex role makes girl child handicapped and conditioned by the attitude of mother and the family and discourages girl child to go school as it becomes secondary and unimportant. Hence girl child is getting deprived of her basic and fundamental right of education and freedom. (8) Bonded Labor System: This social evil is a quite discouraging phenomena which stand as barrier for girls education in rural areas for the underprivileged families of washer men and agricultural labor , scheduled caste and scheduled tribes. Caste System as a Barrier : Children belonging to low caste families are forced to learn skills and work ways and not encouraged to go to school due to various factors. Strict instruction /threat from high caste communities for their selfish motives of keeping them as domestic servants and child laborers in the farms or factory. We can witness this through the stories of various factories and farm houses in industrial cities of India. Media is also playing a crucial role here in promoting as well as resisting these mishaps. (8) Bane of Dowry: Dowry system and other social practices act as main causes of the neglect of the girl child and discrimination against girl child including the deprivation of right of education. In many families especially poor and down-trodden think that if their daughters are educated more, they have to accumulate more assets and properties to provide as dowry in large proportion at the time of marriage, so prefer rather to either stop their children with average education and so on but never higher education. This prevails more in underprivileged families and communities. (1) Child Labour Practice: A large segment of child population in India is engaged in child labour practices. According to UN sources   India is the most child labour populous nation in the globe with more than 50 million child labourers indulged in beedi works , carpet making , bricks,   mining , quarrying ,glass, bangles, match and fireworks, gem polishing ,handloom works. zari,   embroidery ,coir industry, domestic works, construction etc. In most of these industries girl children are preferred for high productivity and low cost. (8) Poor School Environment for girls: In general the school environment for girls in India is not really interesting and encouraging. The subjects taught in schools are also not related to the environment of girl children. The methods of teaching are mostly out dated, rigid and uninteresting. There are still hundreds of schools with poor basic amenities such as drinking water, latrine and toilet facilities, improper building, and inadequate number of teachers especially female teachers preferable for any parents for safety of their girl children from different types of exploitation and abuse. (7) Female age at marriage: There is high association of female literacy with female age at marriage.   By and large the female age at marriage of 18   ( recently 21 years ) as prescribed by various legislations not at all followed in India .It is very much ignored and neglected by the families of parents with low literacy and illiteracy background. This obnoxious practice discourages female children to continue their schooling and higher education as they enter into family life at the early age which is not advisable from the physical and mental health point of view and also of social development. (7) Inferiority, subservience and domesticity : The female child in Indian culture especially in rural, tribal and poor families is expected to develop the qualities of inferiority; subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. They are considered to be lesser important for getting knowledge of outside world and exposure to education and liberty. (6) Poverty as a Barrier: In many poverty stricken families, children especially girls are considered as economic  Ã‚   assets as they bring income for livelihood as well to save from economic crises due to death or incapacity of parents (sick/ handicapped/aged). Ineffective Law Enforcing Machinery: Indian constitution and various legislations pertaining to education to children assure free and compulsory education all children of this nation but unfortunately the enforcement machinery fail to discharge its duties and responsibilities to the satisfaction of the public interest and welfare of women. Due to this wrong implementation of right policies also women of our country is getting severely affected. (5) Demographic Factors: The high population growth rate, rapid urbanisation, migration etc also attribute immensely for the poor literacy level of women and girls in India. In these frequent transition girl Childs and women are getting neglected, uncared and unheard. (5) Poor Political Will and Conviction: Government officials, policy makers, politicians etc of our country have neither political will nor conviction for the empowerment of women in general. The only think about their personal benefits and money making ignoring the welfare of the community for whom and by whom they have reached to that position. It is a very sad and disappointing aspect of Indias democracy. (5) Gender discrimination: It still persists in India .Male are still dominating and commanding the social structure of the nation and lot more needs to be done to improve womens participation in this regard e.g. womens education. The gap in the male-female literacy rate is just a simple indicator. While the male literary rate is more than 75% according to the 2001 census, the female literacy rate is just 54.16%.Prevailing prejudices, low enrollment of girl child in the schools, engagements of girl children in domestic works and high drop out rate are major obstacles in the path of making all Indian women educated. (6) Poor Academia: Another reason for poor quality of women education here is the poor quality of teachers in government schools .Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education, the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. (4) Steps to improve their Participation : A A significant development in recent years has been the mushrooming of community-based organizations and initiatives at the local level for women. Reports indicates that self-help programs, often in the form of savings and credit or micro credit schemes, have succeeded in changing the lives of poor women, enhancing incomes and generating positive externalities such as increased self-esteem. Micro credit is about much more than access to money. It is about women gaining control over the means to make a living. It is about women lifting themselves out of poverty and vulnerability. I is about women achieving economic and political empowerment within their homes, their villages, their countries. (5) In this whole paper we have discussed about women condition in India in terms of access to education, opportunity to learn and grow and problems in achieving the same and at last some of the measures to rectify the errors and making things happen. B-One more initiative taken by the government is the voucher system. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system has also a draw back because it will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. (6) C -The government of India has also felt the need to put in place an appropriate institutional mechanism to look after the Education Rights of Women and thus instituted the formulation of All India Womens Conference, National Womens Commission and State Womens Commission. At the same time government has approved special grants and allowances to NGOs working for the cause of women upliftment and social mobility. Self Help Groups have also been constituted at Panchayat level to provide a platform for the rural women to discuss issues such as family planning, child marriage, widow remarriage, Sati, domestic violence. Mother Teresas Women University has greatly helped in the cause of women empowerment who received Noble Peace Prize for her genuine social work. (6) D India is getting a great help from World Bank for the betterment of women education and their empowerment in the country .It has approved funding for Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Programme (APRPRP) thus garnering international support for the upliftment of women. Womens reservation Bill in the Lok Sabha has gained momentum with Govt. of India promising the reservation of one-third seats in Parliament for the women. (8) E One of the recommendations of National Policy on Education (1986) by the Government of India is to promote empowerment of women through the agency of education and it is considered to be a land mark in the approach to womens education of illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another positive step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15-35 years. Women education has assumed special significance in the context of Indias planned development, as it is incorporated in every Five-year plans as the major programme for the development of women. Universalization of elementary education, enrolment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of balwadies and crutches, raising number of schools and colleges of arts , science, and professional for girls , Politechniques, girls hostels, multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes are some of the steps being   taken by both central and state governments in India to boost-up womens education. (5) F    Since the prevailing situation of poor or less enrolment of girls in schools closes the doors for development and prosperity of future generation of women, concerted efforts must be initiated jointly by the government, parents and civil society to achieve universal enrolment for girls without any compromise. The enrolment can be made even mandatory for every girls by the government in the realm of compulsory education. (5) G -The Ministry of Education both at Centre and State level should work out strategic steps to stop firmly the ongoing high drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas with the serious involvement of voluntary organisations in every locality to realize zero drop-out among girls. (7) H -The poverty stricken families can   be identified through proper research and necessary poverty alleviation   services be provided to strengthen the income   thereby to enable the families to send their children to schools and colleges without much financial difficulties I -Bonded Child labour and Child labour   practice must be abolished with strict administrative measures and the relieved children form bondage   should be integratedinto schools with suitable defence social mechanism. J Appropriate steps should be taken by the educational authorities with the participation of communities in order to bring the girl children to the main stream of education and development at every level including family and community. K -The female child in every Indian family irrespective of socio-economic status should be moulded to overcome the challenges of inferiority; subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. Every family irrespective its socio-cultural and economic background can take it a challenge to bring up their girl children as dignified human being with empowerment in physical , mental, economic and social dimensions of life. (7) L The Midday meal scheme and other educational supportive services like free text books,   Note books , Fee uniforms , Free Bicycles, Free bus , scholarships Free bus pass and so on   as done in the state of Tamil Nadu can be provided in all states and union territories to lift up the literacy level among girls. (6) M As social evils like dowry, child marriage , caste system and other practices deprive rights of education for children belonging to poor and underprivileged families and communities, they should eliminated through well-designed packages of mass awareness programmes and social welfare measures with full support of   public, political parties, NGOs and government agencies. (7) N The electronic and print media can play significant role in building a good and positive image about girls and women in general in the society by giving no focus for such advertisements and news fetching commercial gain at the cost of depicting women as an object. This would help in changing the society s attitudes towards girls and their roles to treat every girl or woman as human being with self respect and dignity. (7) O Government, voluntary sector and philanthropic organisations and individuals should come forward to provide free education for poor girls and provide free   hostel facilities   for girls studying in schools and colleges in every state of India. This will certainly encourage children of poor families to pursue good and higher education without much impediments. (6) P The schools of social work, departments of women studies, Women Universities and other educational institutions in hand with   NGOs   and social service organisations such as Rotary Clubs , Lions Clubs , women lib organisations associations can work together to improve the educational status of the womenfolk in this country on mutual respect and understanding. (7) Q The parents of children belonging to poor, underprivileged families   must be specially educated with proper social formula to help them   to understand the significance of education   for their girl children as foundation for empowerment. (1) R Government, NGOs and public should work hand in hand to implement the minimum age at marriage (21and above) Awareness should be created to institutionalise it as a traditional practice cut acrossing castes, religions, community etc. (5) S Government officials, policy makers, political parties and others should have adequate political will and conviction to empower women in India without double standard mind T The law enforcing machinery should be made really effective with efficient monitoring vigilant system to implement the constitutional and legislative provisions and administrative measures to assure free and compulsory education for all children of this nation without any gender discrimination. (7) Its true that there is great deal of requirement to uplift women education in India at the grass root level because majority of the female population live in the rural areas .They do not avail the basic things in their life and to get education is still a distant dream for them. However Indian government is coming up with various scheme in their five year plan to make the situation healthy and encouraging for these women. In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs(3). Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA) have played a major role in womens rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements. For example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan. Companies like NIIT Ltd. (2) has come up with the project called Affirmative Action where they are taking girls from the down trodden areas and training them about English language, basic computer knowledge and after that helping them to get jobs in Retail, BPO ,Hospitality sectors. In this way the are educating them and by providing jobs women are getting empowered in taking decision, participating in family income and by helping their kids to make the future bright and opportunity oriented. (2 , 3) There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share. The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the bad phases of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been on better track. In modern India, women have acquired high offices in India including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a woman. (5) A review of governments various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its continued social, economic and social backwardness. Women make up 52% of our countrys population. Hence there can be no progress unless their needs and interests are fully met. Empowerment would not hold any meaning unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the society. Policies should be framed to bring them into the mainstream of society. It is important to educate the women. The need of the hour is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. (2 , 3) There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share. I believe with the likes of Pratibha Patil, Sonia Gandhi, Indra Nooyi, Chanda Kochar etc. bagging the top jobs, it would not be long when India would be boosting of its Gender Equality Index (GEI) and Gender Development Index (GDI).Lesser will be the social stigma of women exploitation which have haunted it for many years gone by. Summary: Empowerment can be defined as the totality of the following or similar capabilities: Having decision-making power of their own Having access to information and resources for taking proper decision Having a range of options from which you can make choices (not just yes/no, either/or.) Ability to exercise assertiveness collective decision making Having positive thinking on the ability to make change Ability to learn skills for improving ones personal or group power. Ability to change others perceptions by democratic means. Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending and self-initiated Increasing ones positive self-image and overcoming stigma Conclusion: From these discussions we can say that the most common explanation of womens empowerment is the ability to exercise full control over ones actions. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of welfare in the seventies to development in the eighties and now to growth in the nineties and now trumpet of empowerment. This process has been further accelerated with some sections of women becoming increasingly self-conscious of their discrimination in several areas of family and public life. They are also in a position to mobilize themselves on issues that can affect their overall position.

Elderly Abuse Essay -- essays research papers fc

Before doing research on this topic, I would have said that the United States treats the elderly with passion and love, but I now know that I was wrong. The elderly people have been treated just as badly, if not worse then, in Japan. How could this be? The elderly are so innocent, loving, and have nothing but care for most people. How could anyone harm such a loving soul? These questions are more than likely going through many minds as I am writing this paper. In the United States most of the abuse has came from nursing homes, but in Japan more than likely the abuse is coming from the offspring of the elderly. Even though both governments’ officials are trying to pass new laws to protect the elderly, the abuse continues. There are groups that are forming up to help support the elderly in the United States. The people of Japan are not doing as much as they should because the abuse happens behind closed doors and the family member will more than likely just deny it. Crimes that are committed against the elderly can be divided into two different categories. â€Å"The first crime includes conventional crimes such as robbery, theft, fraud, rape, and homicide. The second type of crime is more about the neglect and abuse† (James). These crimes happen more often with older people than they do with younger people because the elderly a lot of times have some type of disease that will prevent them from doing a lot of things and they are sometimes motionless. Therefore they cannot do anything about the robberies or the abuse. It would take a person with a very cold heart to be able to inflict so much pain on an innocent person. Why can’t the world just show love and happiness to its older generation? The difference between the United States and Japan is that the children of the elderly are abusing them in Japan and in the United States nursing homes are abusing our elderly. â€Å"Of nursing home staff in 1989 40% admitted to committing at least one psychologically abusive act toward a resident and 10% admitted to physically abusing a resident in the preceding year† (Fischer). These people working in nursing homes are supposed to be taking care of our loved ones, but instead of taking care of our family members they are hurting them. According to Christie Fischer, a student studying elderly abuse at the University of South Dakota, the United States... ...busing you or even stealing from you? More than likely you wouldn’t want to be treated this way, so the people of Japan and the United States need to stand up for our elderly because they are the ones that brought us to this lovely place and whenever we all get old we will not want to be treated like we are treating them now. Works Cited Ajima, Shinya. "Efforts Under Way to Stem Abuse of Elderly." INTERVENTION FACES OBSTACLES. 06 January 2005. 25 January 2005 Fischer, Christie. "ELDERLY ABUSE IN NURSING HOMES." 26 January 2005. Green, Shane. â€Å"Hidden Abuse of Elderly Emerging Problem for Japan.† 26 January 2005. 21 June 2003. James, Marianne Pinkerton. "The Elderly as Victims of Crime, Abuse, and Neglect." 1 February 2005. â€Å"Roundup: Japan seeks efforts to stem abuse of elderly (part one).† Xinhua News Agency. 10 January 2005. Infotrac Online Database. Volpe Library, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, Tn. 2 February 2005. â€Å"Roundup: Japan Seeks Efforts to Stem Abuse of Elderly (part two).† Xinhua News Agency. 10 January 2005. Infotrac Online Database. Volpe Library, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, Tn. 2 February 2005.

Gender Differences in Educational Achievement Essay

Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the claim that gender differences in educational achievement are primarily the ‘result of changes in society’ Some sociologists claim that gender differences in achievement are the result of external factors such as changes in wider society, e.g. The impact of feminist ideas and changing employment opportunities (as stated in Item A). However, this could also be an outcome of internal factors such as the education system becoming ‘feminised’, which could have impacted the performance of girls achievement, as it has risen at a faster rate at some levels and in some subjects. Some sociologists also argue that the media have exaggerated the extent and nature of any problem. External factors such as the impact of feminism and girls’ changing ambitions could have a large influence on gender differences in educational achievement. Since the 1960’s, feminism has challenged the traditional stereotypes of a woman’s role as mother and housewife within a patriarchal family. Feminism has also raises girls’ expectations and ambitions with regard to careers and family. These changes are partly reflected in media images and messages. A good illustration of this is McRobbie’s comparison of girls magazine in the 1970’s, where they stressed the importance of marriage to the 1990’s, where it was more focused on career and independence. Changes in the family and employment are also producing changes in girls’ ambitions. This is supported by Sue Sharpe’s research where she compared the results of interviews she carried out with girls in the 1970’s and girls in the 1990’s. In the 1970’s the girls had low aspirations and gave their priorities as love, marriage, husbands and children before careers. However, in the 1990’s girls were more likely to see their future as independent women with a career, rather than being dependent on a husband and his income. There have been a number of major changed to the family in the last 30 years. Some of these include an increase in the divorce rate, cohabitation and an increase in the number of lone parent families (mainly female headed). These changes are affecting girls’ attitudes towards education in a number of ways as increased numbers of female-headed lone-parent families may mean more women need to take on the major ‘bread winner’ role. This further creates a new financially independent, career-minded role model for girls. The need for good qualifications is made very clear and the girls aspirations tend to require academic effort. Becky Francis points out that boys are more likely to have career aspirations that are not only unrealistic but often require few formal qualifications, e.g. professional footballer. Evidence suggests that girls are more likely to spend their leisure time in ways which compliment their education and contribute to educational achievements. Mitsos and Browne place considerable emphasis on reading. Women are more likely to read than men, and mothers are more likely than fathers to read to their children. Therefore girls are more likely to have same-sex role models to encourage them to read. Poor language and literacy skills are likely to affect boys’ performance across a wide range of subjects. Whilst there are factors outside school, internal factors also impact gender differences in educational achievements hugely. According to Tony Sewell, boys fall behind in education because schools have become more ‘feminised’, as indicated in Item A. This means that feminine traits such as methodical working and attentiveness have been emphasised, which in result disadvantaged boys. The gender gap in achievement increased after the introduction of GCSEs and coursework in 1988. Mitsos and Browne argue that girls are more successful in coursework because they are better organised and more conscientious than boys. They found that girls tend to spend more time on their work, take more care on its presentation and are better at keeping deadlines. This all helps girls to benefit from the introduction of coursework in GCSE, AS and A Level. Sewell suggests that some of the coursework should be replaced with final exams and a greater emphasis should be put on outdoor adventure in the curriculum, as he thinks boys learn differently to girls. Jo Boaler argues that equal opportunities policies such as GIST and WISE are a key factor in the improvement of girls educational performance. Schools have become more meritocratic, which means that girls in general work harder than boys and achieve more. Teacher-pupil interactions were also identified as being very significant by Barber. For girls, feedback from teachers focused more on their work rather than their behaviour; for the boys it was the opposite. The low expectations of girls in science reinforced their own self-images; boys frequently overestimated their abilities. Research by Abraham (1995) suggests that teachers perceive boys as being more badly behaved than girls in the classroom, and as such expect bad behaviour. Teachers may also tend to be less strict with boys, giving them more leeway with deadlines and expecting a lower standard of work than they get of girls. This can allow boys to underachieve by failing to push them to achieve their potential. Some sociologists argue that the growth of ‘laddish’ subcultures has contributed to boys’ underachievement. Mac and Ghaill examines the relationship between schooling, work, masculinity and sexuality. He identifies a particular pupil subculture, the ‘macho lads’ which could help to explain why some boys underachieve in education. Jackson found that laddish behaviour was based on the idea that it is uncool to work hard at school. She found that boys based their laddish behaviour on the dominant view of masculinity – they acted tough, messed around, disrupted lessons and saw school work as feminine. Weiner, Arnot and David’s (1997) criticise this theory and have their own theory that the media have created a misleading moral panic which exaggerated and distorts the extent and nature of any problem. They argue that although the media are also interested in the underachievement of white, middle-class boys, they see black and working-class underachievement as a particular problem because it is likely to lead to unqualified, unemployable black and working-class men turning to crime. In conclusion, girls are improving in achievement whereas boys are underachieving due to external factors such as: the impacts of feminism; boys poorer literacy skills, unrealistic expectations and also girls changing ambitions and perceptions. On the other hand, there are also internal factors , which in my opinion are equally as valid and important, such as: laddish subculture, teacher interaction and attention, and also positive role models in schools. However the pre occupation with failing boys diverts attention from underachieving girls. Research by Plummer suggests that a high proportion of working class girls are failing in the school system. Cohen (1999) argues that the question is not ‘why are boys underachieving’, but ‘why boys’ underachievement has now become of concern. Her answer is that it is not just the destruction of the industrial bas of Britain; nor is it the result of pressure put on men by feminism, or by girls’ superior achievement in recent years.

Marriages And Families

The formation of a family conventionally starts with the union of two persons through marriage. In a marriage, the couple shares responsibilities in many aspects — child rearing, properties, home utility bills, taxes, and the likes. They also share responsibilities in resolving various problems encountered during the relationship. To most couples, this sharing of responsibilities is what they call commitment to the relationship, a commitment to their spouse. However, many couples around the world experience troubles in handling these responsibilities. Such experiences sometimes lead to their disillusion to the commitment they vowed to revere when they entered into the married life. In many cases, these couples end up filing a divorce. Divorce, which is sometimes referred to as the dissolution of marriage, â€Å"is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse. † Divorce is common in many developed countries such as the United States, South Korea, Canada, as well as in countries within Europe, except for Malta where civil divorce is banned. Marriage, being a legal act, should also be dissolved through legal action. In some cases, prenuptial agreements or postnuptial agreements, when applicable, are given importance in determining the terms of divorce. These terms refer to the rightful partition of the responsibilities which were supposed to be carried out within the marriage. In a divorced state, the couple is still liable to hold those responsibilities, this time through their individual efforts. A recent survey of matrimonial lawyers in the United Kingdom revealed that the main causes of marriage meltdown are: extra-marital affairs, abuse (physical and/or mental), boredom, lack of sex, financial disagreements, alcohol/drug abuse, debt, workaholism, and hobbies (Wikipedia). Religious affiliations of married couples also have implications on divorce. For Muslims, divorce may be granted, but it is discouraged. Judaism, on the other hand, has regarded divorce as a fact of life. It generally preserves its principle that it is better for a couple to live separately, through divorce, than live together in a life of distress and strife. The Roman Catholics believe that marriage is permanent during the life of spouses. Although it allows divorce, it does not approve of remarriage after a divorce if the other spouse is still living. This rule, however, is not observed in the Eastern Orthodox Church and many Protestant churches, where remarriage of divorcees is allowed even with a surviving former spouse, but under certain conditions. Meanwhile, Dharmic Religions are not cognizant of the concept of divorce. Divorce in the Republic of Ireland The Republic of Ireland is mostly populated by Catholics. In their 1937 Constitution, divorce was not allowed. However, in their more recent regulations, divorce in Ireland became possible under certain circumstances. Divorce in Ireland follows the rules stipulated in the 1996 Family Law Act . It involves a process where the following conditions should be met first: the spouses should have lived apart for at least four years of the preceding five years; there is no reasonable prospect for reconciliation; and there is proper provision for the spouses and dependent children. The spouse who initiated the filing of divorce is called the applicant, and the other is the respondent. The applicant should have a solicitor who, before the divorce proceedings begin, will discuss with the applicant the possibility of reconciliation or judicial separation as an alternative to divorce. If the court sees that there is really no possibility of reconciliation, trials and hearings will proceed to discuss the terms of the proposed divorce. During the trial period, the court may issue orders relevant to the 1996 Family Law (Divorce) Act which include: a safety order, barring order, temporary barring order or protection order; an order for the custody, access or maintenance of a dependent child; an order to protect the family home, its contents or any money from its sale. The court may also order either spouse to pay maintenance for the other spouse and any dependent children, the terms and conditions of which, the court will decide. After the divorce is granted, the court is authorized to decide on the terms and conditions for the payment of maintenance of the spouse and any dependent children, giving consideration to certain conditions. The court also decides on the partition of assets as well as on disputes and claims on properties. Child custody of any dependent children under the age of 18 will also be subject of court decision. Divorce in New York, USA The Divorce Law of New York initially deals with residency and filling requirements. Divorce in New York may be maintained only when: â€Å"the parties were married in the state and either party is a resident thereof when the action is commenced and has been a resident for a continuous period of one year immediately preceding; or the parties have resided in this state as husband and wife and either party is a resident thereof when the action is commenced and has been a resident for a continuous period of one year immediately preceding; ort he cause occurred in the state and either party has been a resident thereof for a continuous period of at least one year immediately preceding the commencement of the action; or the cause occurred in the state and both parties are residents thereof at the time of the commencement of the action; or either party has been a resident of the state for a continuous period of at least two years immediately preceding the commencement of the action. † Under the Divorce Law of New York, the spouse who initiated the filing of divorce i s called the plaintiff while the other is the defendant. The grounds for divorce are also spelled out in the Divorce Law of New York. This include: â€Å"the cruel and inhuman treatment of the plaintiff by the defendant such that the conduct of the defendant so endangers the physical or mental well being of the plaintiff as renders it unsafe or improper for the plaintiff to cohabit with the defendant; the abandonment of the plaintiff by the defendant for a period of one or more years; the confinement of the defendant in prison for a period of three or more consecutive years after the marriage of plaintiff and defendant; the commission of an act of adultery, provided that adultery for the purposes of articles ten, eleven, and eleven-A of this chapter, is hereby defined as the commission of an act of sexual intercourse, oral sexual conduct or anal sexual conduct, voluntarily performed by the defendant, with a person other than the plaintiff after the marriage of plaintiff and defendant; the husband and wife have lived apart pursuant to a decree or judgment of separation for a period of one or more years after the gr anting of such decree or judgment, and satisfactory proof has been submitted by the plaintiff that he or she has substantially performed all the terms and conditions of such decree or judgment; and the husband and wife have lived separate and apart pursuant to a written agreement of separation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Spousal support in a New York divorce is not an automatic obligation of either party; it is rather provided on a case-to-case basis which may be agreed upon by both parties, or upon the discretion of the court. The court is also authorized to decide on the child custody and support to any dependent child of the divorcees. Computation for child support is based on the Income Share Model, in which child support is divided proportionally based on each parent’s income. Under the New York Divorce Law, guidelines have also been set with regard to the provision of child support. Ireland and New York Divorce Laws: A Comparison Considering the fact that Irish people are mostly Catholics, divorce is relatively difficult to obtain in Ireland than in New York, which is predominated by Protestants. It may be noted that the Irish Divorce Law specifically mentions of processes that need to be undertaken to possibly settle the couple for reconciliation. As mentioned earlier, Catholics believe that marriage is permanent during the lives of the spouses. Perhaps working within this premise, the Irish court instills in the legal process of divorce actions that should be taken by the State in order to preserve marriage, and consequently the family. This attempt on the possible reconciliation of the husband and wife has no mention in the New York Divorce Law. While both laws discuss in detail the rules to abide by in the partition of assets and properties, as well as of responsibilities, certain conditions differ. One highlight is on the provision of spousal support. The Irish court obligates spousal support while the New York court does not. This ruling may be attributed to the fact that the United States of America is a developed country while the Republic of Ireland is still in its developing stage. This implies that in the United States, both spouses are assumed to have stable incomes and thus do not require financial support from each other. Irish couples, on the other hand, them being in a developing country, would mean needing of spousal support should their marriage be dissolved so that the spouse with less income can cope with the responsibilities left to him/her by the other. However, these two laws seemed to have dealt more on the partition of properties than on the rules on determining child custody. In both laws, child custody is to be decided upon by the court, but no guidelines on the court’s basis of its decision on the issue were discussed. It is noteworthy to mention that in most, if not all, divorce cases, the couple’s children are the ones most affected. A recent study showed that children of divorced parents have higher potential of having behavioral problems compared to children in intact families (Wikipedia). Various studies further revealed that the following are most of the time observed in people from divorced families: higher rates of alcoholism and substance abuse; occurrence of clinical depression attacks; and commission or attempt to commit suicide (Wikipedia). Though studies have been conducted on the effects of divorce to children, no remedy has been proven to be effective enough to lessen the incidence of such behaviors from children of divorced parents. This brings us to another observation that the laws of Ireland and New York on divorce do not present steps to be taken to ensure the protection of the children’s best interest. Conclusion Divorce laws vary from one country or state to another. In some parts of the world, the issue of divorce is still a topic of debate — whether to approve granting of it or not. For married couples who have become unhappy in their marriage, divorce is seen as an answer to end their distress. To others, it is viewed as a way to turn backs against marital problems. Many other arguments have cropped up about the issue of divorce. Depending on a person’s beliefs and biases, these arguments may be valid to some, while to others they are not. The varying rules of Ireland and New York on divorce have been put into law based on the needs and beliefs that each state deem are applicable to their respective people. It is good to note that both laws have particularly specified various scenarios that may occur after during divorce proceedings and after the divorce has been granted, and have spelled out how issues and disputes will be resolved. However, the laws have focused more on the resolution of disputes over assets and properties. Issues on child custody and support also need to be discussed in a more in depth manner so that the children’s welfare is also given equal importance. In fact, children’s welfare should have been given highest priority since the greatest effects of divorce is manifested in the behavior of affected children. Although it has been said that the child custody and support will be decided upon by the court, it is also imperative that specific rules be spelled out on what the court will give primary considerations to with respect to these issues. It may also be useful, though not yet scientifically proven, to include rules on procedures that the children will have to undertake to be able to cope with the aftereffects of divorce. We do not question the authority and integrity of these courts in their decisions on child custody and support. What is being sought is the clear definition of the law on how child custody is decided upon. In addition, it is also better to see in these laws the specific measures that the court may order for implementation that will lessen, or possibly prevent, the occurrence of adverse behaviors of children whose parents have divorced.