Information Systems Increases Revenue Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Increases Revenue EssayAccording to a investigate project completed by chief financial officer Research Services, a Senior Vice President of a large U. S-based global services firm stated, The CFO should al steerings allow IT organization to innovate, to experiment, and should understand that there is financial risk associated with innovation. Not every IT investment will call for an ROI, hardly allowing IT to be vox populi leaders is imperative in todays evolving technology landscape. Therefore, technology and IT is central to building relationships with nodes thereby increasing revenue for the phoner. The research project likewise noned that subscriber line intelligence, mobility, and cloud computing will be the most important technologies for business over the next three years. Using technology is surd in today because it is constantly evolving. According to the research conducted by CFO Research Services, it states that old models based on enter prise silos atomic number 18 giving track to a youthful hybrid business technology as IT organizations, finance functions, and business trading operations alike acknowledge you cant have maven without the other.By increasing the integration of advance technology to its fullest potential a conjunction can straightly and effectively cumulate the nodes necessarily and operate efficiently, thereby increase revenue. In order for companies to build relationships with their customers they must be able to gain the customers trust. According to Jean-Pierre Lauzier of Jean-Pierre Lauzier Communications, trust is based on a feeling, in impression or a perception meaning something intangible and is not based on anything rational or logical.Studies have shown that 15% of a customers trust in a participation comes from the companys technical competency, and 85% from the companys human qualities To build trust it must be natural and authentic. In order for a company to effectively build trust with a customer they have to authorise the customer feel that they know them and are sincerely interested in helping them. One great way for a company to do this is through the use of customer Relationship Management software (CRM). According to Dr. condolence N Bolton, CRM is a strategic approach concerned with creating improved shareholder take account through the development of appropriate relationships with key customers and customer segments. CRM unites the potential of relationship marketing strategies and IT information technology to create profitable, long-term relationships with customers and other key stakeholders. CRM provides enhanced opportunities to use data and information to both understand customers and co-create value with them.This requires a cross-functional integration of processes, tidy sum, operations and marketing capabilities that is enabled through information, technology and applications. Therefore it is the CRM system that makes it possi ble for a company to effectively and efficiently communicate with any number of customers so that distributively customer feels unique. At a high level companies interact with their customer in four ways Strategic Marketing, Pricing and Revenue Optimization, Tactical Marketing, and Customer Experience Management.Successful companies are efficient and effective in all four categories. Customer Relationship Management software make this possible. CRM provide particular information about a customers fundamental interactions with the company as well as analytical information geared to enable the company to successfully provide tactical marketing and enhance the customer assure. They do this by allowing a company to track and record all of the customers interaction with the company so that the company can customize their interaction with the customer based on the customers previous behavior.According to a Computerworld hatful in 1996, companies implement CRM systems in order to 1) in crease customer retention, 2) respond to competitive pressures and 3) improve customer service. CRM systems are able to also reduce company costs by reducing employees time spent with customers by eliminating repetitive tasks that might be required if the company did not have a CRM system.For example, when a customer is transferred from one customer service representative to another the CRM system would transfer all customer information and conversation notes so that the employee does not have to waste time asking all the same questions that the first representative asked before being able to attempt to help the customer. However, CRMs primary focalize is to create higher revenue by helping companies build a larger percentage of loyal customers through the use of building trust and relationships with their legitimate and future customers.Acquiring new customers is extremely costly for a company. Surveys have shown that it could cost a company six times more to acquire a new custom er than to keep a current customer. Not only that, but if a company is able to build a loyal customer base those loyal customers are worth much more than their own personal purchase volume. A loyal customer is likely to share their determine with others about companies that they are very loyal to and have a close relationship with.Therefore, the company is able to acquire repeat sales to the current customer and able to obtain new customers without any additional cost required to try to attract a new sales and customers. In addition, it has also been shown that it is 16 times easier to sell to an existing customer than it is to sell to a new prospective customer. Therefore, CRM systems recognize the long-run value in potential and current customers. mental synthesis customer relationships also require companies to communicate effectively with customers in a multitude of different methods.In todays environment people are constantly connected and on the go. Companies need to be able to meet the customers needs when and how the customer want their needs met. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to adjure multiple avenues for customers to communicate with them. Some of those methods include the ways for the older generation such as via the telephone and letters know now days as snail mail. However new technology methods are now being required such as through the companys website, e-mail, and brotherly Customer Relationship Management system (SCRM).According to Chris Bucholtz of CRM Outsiders, Social Customer Relationship Management is the response of businesses to the advent of social media and the eager adoption of the new communications conduct by B2B Business to Business and B2C Business to Customer buyers alike. It creates a new environment for customer conversations, a new hazard to learn about customers, and a new opportunity to engage, build peer-to-peer relationships and strengthen brand perception. He goes on to state that SCRM is more of a s trategy than a process or return. It can include many another(prenominal) different technology platforms and tools.CRM is the foundation of SCRM and not a replacement for CRM. A company must have a good CRM in place in order to effectively utilize SCRM. According to Bucholtz, the definition of Social CRM is a philosophy and a business strategy, supported by a technology platform, business rules, workflow, processes and social characteristics, designed to engage the customer in a collaborative conversation in order to provide mutually beneficial value in a trusted and transparent business environment. Its the companys response to the customers ownership of the conversation.This definition simply states that it is about people (customers) interacting with people (businesses) and not people (customers) interacting with machines. Due to new technology and people having unique styles of communication, SCRM is about businesses using social media in order to best meet the needs of the cu stomers in the best style of communication for each unique customer. Social media comprises of various online technology tools and can include text, audio, video, podcasts, and various social media channels such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Google+.Social Media can increase revenue and growth of a company by 60% versus only 8% for companies that do not use social media, according to Daya Baran on PRWeb. com. The article goes on to state that consumers are spending more time and conducting more business online and businesses that have incorporated social media are reaping the benefits as they are gaining visibility with the consumer across the entire online purchase cycle. Social media technologies are fundamentally changing the sales, marketing and operations process.It is redefining the way businesses acquire customers, generate leads, creates competitive differentiation, customer response, branding and manage crisis. Therefore, Social CRMs aim is to enhance the cu stomers experience and relationship thereby building loyalty with the company. And as we have already discussed, a customers loyalty is worth much more than their customers individual value hence increasing revenue for the company. Another customer relationship building mechanism is Customer Experience Management.The e-zine, Customer Experience Exchange, states that companies sometime have a toilsome time seeing what they relish like in the customers eyes therefore companies have to invest in technology tools to inject that accurate outside-in view from customers. In the past, companies spent much effort on ensuring the share holders were happy rather than customers. Now with new social media outlets customers are able to make themselves heard to companies much easier than ever before. Take for example the recent backlash that millions of Bank of America customers showed when Bank of America announced they were going to implement a new $5. 0 debit card fee.Never before have we se en customers be able to so quickly pull together and force braggy corporations to think twice before acting. Bank of America was in jeopardy of losing over 300,000 customers if they did not mind closely. Another company that needed to listen to their customers was Netflix. Netflix issued a price increase of 60% to subscribers that wanted both online streaming of movies and home DVDs. This cause Netflix to lose more than 200,000 subscribers which in turn made Netflix chief executive officer offer a public apology to customers and eliminate their original plan of separating the two companies.With all this being said, it can be seen how imperative it is to a company to be able to attentively listen to their customers. Without an attentive ear and without a company being focused on Customer Experience Management, a company will have difficulty growing and increasing revenue. Anna Fiorentino, of Customer Experience Exchange stated that in order to develop the best customer experience through CEM systems companies not only need to listen as shown in the Bank of America and Netflix examples, but they must also measure and monitor customer conversations and feedback.Through the use of CRM systems a company is able to analyze customer satisfaction. She stated that Coca Cola, Inc. established a customer reward system called My one C Rewards. This system enables Coca Cola, Inc. the susceptibility to not only listen to their customers but to also measure customer satisfaction and deliver real time results creating value for its members as well as internal and external partners. Kaitlyn Dennihy a strategist at Engauge, the social media agency of record for My Coke Rewards states, Measurement is key.Translating business goals into measured actions within social has allowed us to track the impact of our communities as well as manage and exceed expectations for the social space. Every content piece in social must include a call to action for the user that can be measur ed.My Coke Rewards provides insight into areas such as customer service, product merchandising and exclusivity. ING Direct, an online-centric bank that is part of Netherlands-based ING, also believes that meeting customer needs is the basis for creating a thriving social media campaign. ING Direct was able to increase their evenue by listening to online consumer conversations with the help of a program called Radian6. Radian6 is a social media monitoring platform that allows companies the ability to know whats being said about their brands, industries and competitors online, but to also help them measure, analyze and report on their social CRM efforts. There are many tools on the market now that provide business the ability to obtain statistical information on company website visitors, Google analytics for summarizing search trends, as well as the ability to summarize searches for tweets known as text mining.Radian6 tells companies such as ING Direct who is saying what and whether customers are communicating through a news site or blog and what percentage of influence the customer will have on the company based on web traffic. Gloria Chik, social media lead at ING Direct stated, If we get a client complaint, its been unfounded to get a full profile of that person. Companies should be prudent in privacy issues when handling confidential client financial information, making sure to look at each client complaint or compliment individually.No matter what method companies use to track return on investment on Customer Relationship Management, one thing is certain, business must focus on providing excellent customer satisfaction and when faced with un live up to customers they must listen. Without satisfied customers a company will have a much more difficult and sometimes impossible climb toward growth and increase revenue. In todays technologically advance world business must constantly be evolving in order to meet the customers needs.No longer are businesses abl e to simply bring down what customers will pay for a product or service. With the todays generation companies must be diligent in building strong endure relationships with their customers. Business should look at their customers relationships like a marriage. Just as in a marriage a couple must communicate and listen to each other so should a business communicate and listen to their customers. When a company does this they will be able to reap the rewards by having increased revenue and growth.In order to reap these rewards companies must effectively utilize a CRM system and also incorporate SCRM as well as a myriad of other platforms such as mobile apps, mobile websites, QR Codes and much more. By utilizing technology business are able to develop stronger customer relationships by knowing the customer better. Research Comments When I started this research project I struggled at first trying to scrape up enough information on the posit I had chosen. However, once I got started a nd finally developed an outline and thought process as to what I was going to talk about, I was able to find all kinds of information.Some of the websites listed below were uncovered during the research phase but not necessarily used. Some of the websites were not used because I found the information redundant and others had to be eliminated due to the need for limiting material so that it did not go over the stated maximum for the paper.

Their Eyes Were Watching God - Rebirth of Transcendentalism Essay Example for Free

Their Eyes Were Watching perfection Rebirth of Transcendentalism EssayA century elapsed between the period of transcendentalism and the issuance of Zora Neale Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. During this time, the philosophies of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau faded as the post-war era of social realism began to dominate Ameri spate culture and Ameri crumb literary productions. Thus, Their Eyes, published in 1937, was scorned and criticized by many for not being political or serious enough.It was not until twenty years after Hurstons death that populate began to appreciate Hurstons works, especi eachy Their Eyes, as important literatures in the African American and the American feminist movements. With further analysis, although Their Eyes is a modern novel, it actually takes the readers back to the period of Thoreau and Emerson Their Eyes Were Watching God possesses elements of transcendentalism self-reliance, noncon conformityity, and the over - brain as supported by the essays of transcendentalist thinkers.To begin, a fundamental idea of transcendentalism is self-reliance, which stresses a soulfulnesss throw judgment and intuition. Janie, the protagonist of Their Eyes, shows self-reliance when she uses her own judgments for the struggles she faces. For example, as she realizes that her matrimony with Jody is tumbling down, she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams. skilful something she had grabbed up to drape her dreams over. She had an inside and an proscribedside today and suddenly she knew how not to mix them (Hurston, 72).Janie k instantaneouslys her goals and desires, both are which shattered by Jody, so she must now distinguish the difference between the lies and the truth of her dream. Together with courage, her intuition gives her the strength to speak up to Jody on his death bed. Moreover, when she last finds the love of her life, she feels a self-crushing love, allowing her s oul to crawl from its hiding place (Hurston, 128). She doesnt hide her feelings but goes to pursue her lover, Tea Cake. She is strong-will and has control over her feelings and thoughts.Even Tea Cake encourages Janie to use her own mind, Nobody else on earth kin hold uh candle tuh you, baby. You got de keys to de kingdom (Hurston, 109). As Emerson would say that Janie possesses transcendentalist ideals because, She has the integrity of her own mind What she must do is all that concerns her, not what the people think (Emerson, 80). Her past experiences and her present judgments lead Janie to maker her own path in the future. Only when Janie relies on herself and holds her keys to de kingdom does she find her happiness and reach her dream.Furthermore, another element of transcendentalism is nonconformity, or individualism, which stresses the importance of finding ones identity instead of giving in to society. Emerson explains nonconformity as the great man who in the midst of the cr owd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude (Emerson 80). Janie shows exactly this on the day she arrives back in Eatonville. dressed in her blue satin dress, she confidently walks past the women and men, ignoring their hurtful gossips and leaving them in awe. Despite her solitude due to Tea Cakes death, Janie welcomes her independence she is utterly at ease with herself.Moreover, Thoreau also writes about nonconformity he writes, The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right They only can force me who obey a higher law than I (Thoreau, 104). Janie shares Thoreaus military capability when she stands up to both of her late husbands and declares what she believes is right. Logan tells her that she doesnt belong anywhere but Its wherever Ah need yuh (Hurston, 31). This is probably the worst thing he can say to his newlywed its hurtful, disparaging, and disrespectful.However, unlike all the other women, such as Nanny, du ring the time, Janie stands up for herself by yelling back at his wrongs so she can gain back her independence and dignity. As for Jody a husband who makes her tie her hair back, denies her of speech and social interaction, and abuses her Janie finally takes up the courage to tell the truth at his deathbed. All dis bowin down, all dis obedience under yo voicedat aint whut Ah rushed off down de road tuh find out about you (Hurston, 86). Jody has crushed her hopes and dreams and her image of love, and shes not about to let him forget that.She would not obey she has no obligation to obey. After Jodys death, Janie is finally free. Even more, she feels no remorse and she doesnt mourn because the lost of her husband gives her back her individuality. Last but not least, the over-soul is another focal point of transcendentalism it connects God, Nature, and Man. Emerson writes in his essay, Over-soul, We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the so ul of the whole the wise silence the universal beauty, to which all part and particle is equally related the eternal One (Emerson, Over-soul).This over-soul connects the broken pieces of the universe together. Hurstons Their Eyes contains many details that support the over-soul. For instance, in the ascendent Janie saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree form root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight (Hurston, 11). This imagery of the bee and the flower symbolizes Janies dream. The bee and the flower coexisted in harmony, just like what Janie hopes her marriage will be.This is Janies innocent soul as depicted by nature. Later on however, as shes forced into marrying a man she doesnt love, she begins to know the words of the trees and the wind. She often spoke to falling seeds and said, Ah hope you fall on soft ground Janies first dream was dead, so she became a woman (Hurston 25). As she begins to mature more, she also begins to understand the sound of nature. Nature and Janies souls appear to be one, united and growing together. She talks to the seeds, warning them, sympathizing with them of a world that can be disappointing and unfair.Finally, after she shoots her beloved Tea Cake in order to protect herself, Hurston writes that Janie pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net. Pulled it from around the waist of the world and draped it over her shoulder. So much of life in its meshes She called in her soul to come and see (Hurston, 193). Although it was a tragic and sudden death, Janie is in peace. The love of Tea Cake will not be forgotten because he will always be with her. Janie now understands the mysteries of nature and her world she is ready for whatever that may come. Janie has learned and grown, most importantly, she has found her soul.All in all, a century later, Their Eyes Were Watching God leads to the rebirth of transcendentalist ideas, including but not limited to self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over-soul. Throughout her journey, Janie begins to identify herself as a self-reliant individual with a soul, all of which are transcendental characteristics. In the mid 1900s, because of the on going civil rights movements, an African American woman is the least expected person to posses all these traits. Even so, Janie Crawford becomes a prominent literature figure that gives people hopes and dreams, while fulfilling those of Emerson and Thoreau.Bibliography Emerson, Ralph Waldo. From Self-Reliance. The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise McDougal Littell, 2003. 78-83. Print. Ferguson, Craig. Ralph Waldo Emerson Within Man Is the Soul of the Whole the Wise Silence the Universal Beauty Transcendental MeditationBlog. N. p. , 27 Mar. 2010. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. . Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God A Novel. New York Perennial Library, 1990. Print. Thoreau, Hentry David. From Civil Disobedience. The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise McDougal Littell, 2003. 90-105. Print.

Organisational Change Models In Tesco

Organisational Change Models In TescoIntroductionTesco is one of the leading global retailers and the UKs biggest retailer as well as tertiary largest grocery retailer in the world operating across Europe, North America and Asia. This business has been started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and he used to handle groceries from a stall in the East London. In 1929, the first Tesco store was opened in North London, Middlesex. Later on, it has expanded its business by a combination of acquisition of untested stores, retail servings by concerning the customers need and satisfaction. Now, it operates 4,331 stores throughout the world with more than 470,000 workers to meet the requirement of the modern market and it is non limited with its usual product range of grocery and general merchandise, it has diversified its business with electronic goods, clothing, banking and insurance services, telephone air fourth dimension and equipment. Tesco moves towards one s raising obtain which federal age ncy customers bottom get all their purchasing requirements from one place. Tesco has also expanded its customer base through online with tesco.com and tesco.net website which attracts more than one million regular users.In this time, Tesco is one of the successful retailers in the world. Behind this progression, Tesco has metamorphosed checkly time to time. In this context, it has under departed a technological metamorphose ego-importance-importance-importance impediment dodge. Tesco introduced this self check system as a trail on 5 March 2003 from East Dereham, Norfolk superstore. Later, it increases the no of self checkout system gradually from different store. From this self checkout system, customer allows to s female genitals and pay for their shopping without any intervention from round which helps to customer to save their shopping time. Tesco believes that it helps to increase the efficiency and speed up the shopping move as well as rectify customer service. Althoug h, the primeval aim of this convince is to cut down the cost which allows the company to maximize the profit.This contemplate will be examined how Tesco applied this heighten green light and developed a deepen strategy, used transport implementations simulates as well as analysed an governing bodyal reaction to change and evaluated the impact of this particular change strategy.entifying a range of organisational change specimens or frame work.Organizational change is a deliberate attempt to improve organisational performance by changing one or more aspects of the organisation. Change may be successful when the appropriate change march is applied. For change function, at that place are a lots of change models and theories have been formulated by various experts and management gurus but for this particular change initiative of Tesco this study is place several(prenominal) change models which are as follows.Lewins change model.Lewin developed trio tempo model of plan ned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. This model defines three steps in the process of change management.Source www.ic-pod.typepad.comStep 1- UnfreezingThis step involves the organisation unfreezing existing attitudes and behaviour. Employees go through a process of unlearning centenarian habits, old ideas and old perception how change will affect them.Step 2- ChangeThis step involves a behavioural change. Employees modify their old ways and take on hot ways of thinking about change how it should be implemented and how it nominate be positive rather than negative.Step 3- RefreezingThe final step involves process of maintaining the momentum of change through locking in the changes, stabilising the situation, building relationships, consolidating the system, evaluation and support, preventing any going back to the old ways.Beckhard and harries modelOrganizational change occurs in a three stage cycle present state, transition state and future state- Beckhard and Harris (1987). From above statement, we can conclude that this model focused on three state of change present, transition and future. This model recommended that brass instrumental change consists of an make-up moving from a present state through transition to a desired future state.Present state refers to the current situation of an organization which contain organizations mental synthesis, process, volume and external and internal environment. By analysing current situation organization can decide weather the organization wish to change or not. If the situation is stable, tranquil or satisfactory organization may be enkindle in change and identify new role, function or structure that it needs to adopt but it has not agreement or idea of a direction of change.Transition state consists to the structure, processes, people and environment of an organization as it undergoes change. The transition state is nearly turbulent and unsatisfactory level where existing structure and process that worked previous do not work well anymore and new structure and process deliberate to operate in future are not in place yet.Future state is the final destination of whole change process. It is the stage of that the structure process, people and environment are set and an organizational change is completed. The organization achieved its desired future in this state.Change equation modelChange equation model is based on numeric presentation of change process which is developed by Gleicher and also called Gleichers change formula. In this model the multiplicative nature of change equation isD - V - S RWhere,D= Dissatisfaction of current state quoV= Clarity of raftS= First step to be takenR= opponent to changeAccording to equation, change is only possible when the multiplication of D, V and S is excess the R. In otherwise hand, the product of dissatisfaction (D) with the current situation, a vision (V) or positive picture of what is possible in the future and real, achievable first steps (S) people can take toward reaching the resistance to change (R). If any of these D, V or S is vigour or near to zero the product of these three will zero or near to zero which means there is no resistance to.Applying a range of creative problem solving techniques to address change challengesManaging change is not an easy process and it is not always successful and arises with challenges. In call of addressing those challenges (i. e. resistance to change), change manager can implement various creative problem solving techniques according to nature of change. some of techniques which are implemented for this particular change process by Tesco are discussed below.Change path Change path refers to the types of change which can be classified by extent of change required and speed of change that need to be undertaken for the require change outcome to delivered. There are four types of change revolutionary, evolutionary, adoption and reconstr uction. The speed of change is about the way that change is implemented. It may be the gradually step by step change and one time big cognise change. The context of change contains of transformation or alignment. Tesco has implemented this self checkout system step by step incrementally with time framework through evolutionary change to minimize resistance. It has brought this change as a trail in superstore later it gradually increases no of self checkout system in different stores.Evolutionary changeAdoption changeRevolutionary changeReconstruction changeTransformation AlignmentIncrementalBig bangChange start point This is the where change initiated and developed. It may be the reach to down or button to up approach. According to Food and Drink European.com on 6 March 2003, the strategic manager of Tesco Richard Dobb announced this self checkout system. As per this press release the change start point of this change is top down approach. In this change initial the readiness of c hange is low among the employee so the strategic manager decided to implement change initiative from top to down.Change style A Change style is the management style of implementation of change. These change styles may be the collaborative, consultative, directive, coercive etc. These change styles can implement according to nature of change. To minimize the challenges (i. e. resistance by employees), Tesco has implemented collaboration style because this model focuses on extensive involvement of employees in borders of what is the change and how deliver the change needs. This approach works by creating pull and achieving commitments through getting people to invest in the change. The strategic manager elusive employees in this change initiative through face to face meeting with focus groups.Change interventions Change intervention includes technological intervention, political intervention cultural intervention and interpersonal intervention.Change roles In order to manage this p articular change Tesco formed specialist change team including strategic manager, human imagery manager and IT director of Tesco and strategic manger Richard Dobb plays vital role in this change process.Identifying and justifying change solutions that link to organizational strategic plan.Basically, Tesco has been adopting growth strategy since its presidential term time. It has a well established and consistent strategy for growth. According to corporate website of Tesco (www.tescoplc.com) its strategic plan is The rationale for the strategy is to broaden the scope of business to change it to deliver strong, sustainable long term growth by following customer into large expanding markets at home such(prenominal) as financial services, non- diet and telecoms and new markets aboard, initially in Central Europe and Asia and more recently in the United States.Tesco is aiming to expand business aggressively. It wants to grow the core UK business, strength non food for thought reta iling, develop diversified retail service such as Tesco personal finance, telecoms and tesco.com. as well as putting community and environment in the shopping mall point what it does and it wishes to stand as a successful international retailer.2.1 Evaluating a range of change implementation modelsImplementing change is not an easy task because it is gone through various obstacles in order to get desire future destination. For implementing change initiative there are various change model such as Kotter change model, Action research model, Beer et al six step model, Balance score card, EFQM, IIP etc. However, this project examine Kotters change model for this self checkout change project.Kotters change modelThis model is developed by John Kotter and also known as 8 steps model of change. The key aspect of this model is change goes through a series of stages with considerable time framework. Skipping steps creates only the illusion of speed and never produces satisfactory results and fashioning critical mistake in any phases can have a developing impact, slowing momentum and negating hard won again. Kotter describes the change process in 8 steps as follows.Create sense of urgencyIn this stage organization develops sense of urgency around need for change. Organization can feel need of change through examination of market and competitors situation. Furthermore, Organization identifies and discusses key opportunities and potential threats and develops the scenarios presenting what could be happen in the future.Form a mightiness coalition teamIn this step, to cope with change efforts organization builds a team with enough mightiness and authority and encourages team to work together.Create a clear visionIn this step, organization generates a clear vision that is central to the change levers and develops strategies to execute that vision.Communicate the visionIn this step, organization communicates the new change vision and strategies by using every possible ways and educates new behaviour using example of the guiding coalition team.Empower other to act on the visionThis step describes about removing of barriers to change. Organization change the system and structure which challenges new vision and focus on risk look and new ideas, activities and actions.Create short-term winsShort terms wins are the foundation of what needs to be done in order to get long term change. In this step, Organization plans for visible performance improvements and creates those improvements. Furthermore, reward people who help to meet the targets.Consolidate improvements and producing still more changeIn this step organization analyzes what went right and what needs for improvement. To get further improvement organization revises systems, structures and policies that un desirable for vision and employ encourage and develop employees who can contribute to implement vision. In addition it reinforces the change process with new project themes and change agents.Inst itutionalise the new approachesThe final step focuses on assembling the achieved change into concrete shape. For this, organization builds alignment between new behaviour and corporate culture and develops means to ensure leadership development and succession to substitute key leaders of change.This model is easy to follow because this model breaks down the entire change process into small steps clearly and it focus on the acceptance and preparedness for change rather than change itself that helps to get easier transition. Another point is that it focuses on incremental change through step by step with requiring time framework and suitable for small organizational change too. Its only con is skipping the step results the complete change process fails.2.2 Identifying the criteria to be select a change implementation model that supports organizational change.Tesco wanted to implement self checkout system in comparatively short time incrementally to minimise the resistance to change an d to increase hawkish power. In order to implement change initiative strategic manager has chosen Kotters change model because the change initiative has to implement relatively in short time incrementally. Moreover, this change initiative contains small technological change and this change model is appropriate for small change too. Tesco has implemented change initiative as follows.Create sense of urgencyAfter analyzing competitor, Tesco felt that it has to increase competitive power and improve customer service to stand as a market leader. Consequently it looked new technology that can reduce cost and improve customer service because technology is developing rapidly. In 2002 Market and Spencer brought new technology self checkout system it was closely observed by Tesco. So Tesco decided to adopt self checkout system as a change project.Form a power coalition teamIt formed group including area manager, supervisor and representative of trade union with enough power and authority to make the change relevant.Create a clear visionThe new vision of company is Be competitive, provide the best customer service and incorporate technology.Communicate the visionTo communicate vision, the team used companys website and cascaded message through area manager to supervisor and supervisor conducted meeting with other mental faculty to talk about what the goals mean.Empower other to act on visionChange manger conduct education and training course of instruction to teach the returns of self check out system in order to overcome from obstacle. Special education session has been provided to employees who was creating obstacle to go ahead. Company announced rewards to staff from each store that helped to move forward to make the aims real.Create short-term winsAfter the succession of trail project, Tesco put report on website and articles have been produce in news.Consolidate improvements and producing still more changeInstitutionalise the new approaches3.1 Demonstrating the use of analytical tools to monitor the change progress and the answer of changeThe change affected the employees both ways positively and negatively in terms of experiencing change and changing behaviour and these change effects are analysed and monitored through survey, meeting, interviews and seminar.To incur out perception of employees regarding effect of change the strategic manager decided to conduct a survey and it was found that most of employees are in business of job loss because they though that self scan system replace their job. Some of were happy about that they get extra time to chat with customer. Some of were excited to learn new technology and they feel it is great opportunity for them. Some of were scared about the new technology what it really do. Some of were unhappy about changing position and work store because technology friendly colleagues were replaced their position.In order to study change related dysfunctions meetings were organized with area manager . It was conquered that people were in some pressure that they did not want to adopt this change because of job loss, changing position and work store, new technology.Interviews were conducted with the employees who expressed their reservations about the self checkout system. Change team promised to employees that no one lose job, it does not affect the position of any staff and they give effective training programme to be technology friendly.To measure the progress monthly seminar were conducted. During these seminars many staff showed great deal of eagerness as they were keen to learn about self checkout system and most of staff showed willingness to move forward with this change.3.2 Assessing monitoring and measurement techniques to change with in organization3.3 Analysis strategies to minimise adverse effect of changeChange leader decided to follow Kotter and Schlesinger model in order to overcome resistance to change. This model contains six approach education and communication , fellowship and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and co-option and explicit and implicit coercion.In the phase of education and communication, the change team communicated the benefits of self checkout system and its necessity to company. They persuade employees that self checkout system wont be the cause of any job loss and changing position and employees can get extra time to chat with customer by giving example of Market and Spencer and work store and they offered comprehensive training programme for all staff. After this step some of employees again abused to move further so the change leader decided to involve the team leader of resistance group in change team. However, some of employee who are relatively mature again created obstacle to go ahead. The change team conducted special training and counselling programme for these employees. The change team also promised that they will give monetary reward if the change is completed. T hus the change team have overcome resistance to change to move further.4.1 Identifying the process to review the impact of the change.4.2 Analysing the results of the impact of reviewTo analyse the results of the impact of review there is two approaches quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative approach is phenomena which independently observable and measurable.

Opening A Burger King Franchise In Pakistan Tourism Essay

Opening A Burger King Franchise In Pakistan Tourism EssayIntroductionBurger king is a come up known brand of a fast food restaurant chain that operates globally. Founded in 1954, the burger king franchise has grown from its humble beginnings to a multibillion dollar conglomerate over time and the business has gone beyond the borders f its country of origin and now it has franchise operations all over the world. However the font that embodies the brand, famously known as the king was bewildered and introduced in 1955 that grew to became an embodiment of the brand itself. Developing various versions for broiled beef lovers, the menu of burger king grew and so did its customer base. Owing to the immense success, the comp each decided to expand the business and franchises were granted in the year 1959 but the initial focus still remained on the western markets where in that location was a demand for and similarity with the cuisine that burger king offered but the first franchise res taurant to materialize outside the US was in Puerto Rico.Up till the year 1967, the company had already opened up 275 restaurants but further expansion required the private owners to cohort with the Pillsbury Company. Currently, the company is a publically traded company with Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, TPG Capital and Bain Capital as its major stockholders. It is one of the most well known brands on earth and it is hard to bewilder a country where there is no burger king outlet, Pakistan happens to be one such country. However franchise operations are a very crazy business for the franchisee, especially in the case of a outside(prenominal) brand. A multitude of factors both external and internal need to be addressed onwards a franchise brush aside be demonstrateed. An analysis of external and internal factors needs to be done in the form of a prefeasibility study to screen the waters before taking the plunge (Kotler, 2008).Pakistani MarketHaving remained under the Mug hal rule for a long time, Pakistani cuisine consists of hot, spicy and rich curries that are consumed with rice or bread with a lot of herbs (B need, 2002). This makes Pakistani cuisine quite different from the Western one and therefore offers a challenge to any international franchise thinking to enter Pakistan. However it is non unusual to find famous fast food restaurants in Pakistan and travelers home sick for their local anaesthetic food ordain have no difficulty in finding international restaurant bondage in the major cities of Pakistan (Singh, Brown,Clammer,Cocks and Mock, 2008). Various names standardised Pizza hut, McDonalds, KFC, Mr. Cod, Subway etc are household names for Pakistani city dwellers as well as they offer a break from the usual cuisine available at homes. According to reports, the real private consumption growth rate in Pakistan is expected to be much higher that its GDP by the year 2014 and therefore points towards the existence of various growth opportu nities and international food companies such as Nestle and Unilever are doing extremely well (PRlog, 2010).Burger King provides a lot of support for its franchises and even plays a role in selecting the most provide site for the business. The employees are also given a training of a minimum of 70 days so that they are well equipped and knowledgeable about the companys operations.External Analysis PESTLEPolitical FactorsEven though Pakistan has had a history of political instability, upheaval throughout its history but the political factors that are relevant to a fast food business intromit health and Safety Guidelines, food labelling guidelines issued by the government that may be subject to change with a changing government. In Pakistan there are no well particularised rules and regulations for monitoring the health standards of restaurants and there exist no labelling requirements as well. This presents on the loose(p) operational conditions as well as the opportunity to define industry standards of the fast food business in Pakistan.The security situation in Pakistan is also a question mark because terrorist and angry mobs have a lot targeted international restaurant chains in Pakistan and a KFC outlet in Karachi was destroyed twice because of such a situation (Schlosser and Wilson, 2007).Economic FactorsEconomic considerations that bequeath help in establishing the operations in Pakistan low set up costs for the franchise and the ability to tap into a growing market as the awareness of consumers regarding international brands increases. The added favour that fast food carry is that consumers view that they are being offered fair value for the coin they are paying. Additionally, the growing eye program consumers in the country who do not want to eat at small local joints but do not have the money to spend on a lavish restaurant are the best target market for burger king. Moreover, Pakistani government offers favourable investment terms and foreign investors are permitted to keep 100 % of the firms equity but they are subjected to the condition that a maximum of 60 % of the total equity or profits can be repatriated (SECP, 1984)however the ever depreciating Pakistani currency may be a problem. However the double digit inflation remains to be the major threat as this would warrant an increase in prices that the consumers may not be leave aloneing to bear.Social FactorsAs the working middle class in the country is increasing, the lifestyles have become much busier than they were previously which has made the acceptance of fast food restaurants in the country easier. There is still lack of awareness of the concepts of healthy Eating and Obesity among the general population and Pakistani consumers are largely meat lovers which happen to be the speciality of burger king. Another added advantage it the homogeneity in taste across the major cities in the country which will be the target market. Fast foods are not viewed as vile ma ns food and eating out in an international chain is still regarded as a social activity for many families. It is the accepted religious and ethnic norm to consume Halaal food only and the consumers expect the restaurants to offer such food.Technological factorsSignificant investment will have to be made in terms of developing the technology that meets the franchise agreement requirements. Involvement of technology in food here is relatively new and therefore it may be difficult to develop a supplier base in a short time and the company may have to rely on the stir company. Computer ordering or till system are relatively new here and therefore employees will need training to operate these systems and will represent a significant cost.LegalRestaurants in Pakistan are controlled and registered through the Pakistan Hotels Restaurants Act of 1976. According to this law, every restaurant essential be registered and the owner must attach a certificate that verifies the medical fitness of the staff from the civil hospital of that area along with the application. Health, hygiene and comfort standards have aloe been defined in this law and the authority issues the certificate of registration and the license to operate at the comparable time though the firm may have to file a separate form for getting a license (SMEDA, 2009).In addition to the above mentioned act, there are various other food laws in Pakistan such as the West Pakistan Pure nourishment Ordinance, 1960 and covers topics that relate to the preparation and the sale of foods and violations are punishable by imprisonment and fine. Another law is the Cantonments Pure Food Act, 1966 which is applicable only in the cantonment areas. Pakistan penal code, 1860 also contains some clauses regarding adulteration of food or drink (Khan and Hafeez, 1999).Although the regulatory framework is in place, manage many other unfortunate countries, these laws are not fully implemented and often exploited.EnvironmentalPak istan is located in such a terrain because of which the weather generally remains hot during most part of the year and the summers are harsh however the northern part of the country still receives a few level-headed months of winter as well. Monsoon is also a regular visitor however, because of the lack of basic infrastructure weather condition may cause problems for the consumers as is the new-fashioned case of flooding in Pakistan. To make the consumers comfortable, there is a need for proper air-conditioning, heating and selection of a location that is easily feelerible despite harsh weather conditions. The environment protection Act of 1997 covers topics related to the protection, preservation, rehabilitation and progress of the environment, deterrence and control of pollution and endorsement of sustainable development (The publish of Pakistan, 1997).Internal Analysis SWOTStrengthsA major specialness of this venture is the international brand name recognition of Burger kin g that will help access many demographic groups of the population and gain an easier acceptance in the market. In addition to this, the strong financial backing of the company is another major strength as there will be no hitches in setting up the required infrastructure and the international distribution channels of the company will serve as an added advantage for the franchise. The assembly line style of food preparation of the business is also very efficient while food rubber eraser is also given very high importance.WeaknessesA major weakness of this operation is that Burger King is mainly concentrated in the US while there is already established competition from other fast food joints, both local and international in the country and it may be hard to develop a consumer base. It basically relies on its franchisees to run its operations abroad. The major weakness of Burger king is that it offers a very high calorie unhealthy diet and as the trend for health consciousness increas es globally, it runs the risk of a shrinking consumer base. Additionally, burgers and fast food snacks are not an everyday meal for the Pakistani consumer as the handed-down local cuisine is quite different from what the burger king offers. The logo of the king that makes burger king so recognizable and is the basis of many advertising campaigns may not resonate well with the consumers as the local consumers may not be able to relate with it.OpportunitiesSince there are no burger king outlets operating in Pakistan, it is a great opportunity to introduce the Pakistani consumer to the King. There is an opportunity to take advantage of the experiences of the other fast food restaurants and not make the same mistakes that they did. In addition this, there is an opportunity available for the customization of the burger king menu to the local tastes so that consumers can accept it with ease which many international chains have done in Pakistan. There is room for new product development e specially in the breakfast segment in Pakistan which may build to be a competitive edge for the franchise. Since Pakistan is one of the emerging markets, the economy is still developing and therefore there exists great potential for those who are instinctive to make a long term investment commitment.ThreatsThe security situation in the country remains the major threat to the franchise operations and makes them easy targets of terrorism and requires huge investments in security. The company will face intense competition from the pre established brands especially McDonalds and also from other ready to cook options such as KNs chicken etc. consumer eating habits are changing inevitably all over the world. Although consumers still consume fast food meals but this is an episodic event for most of the Pakistani consumers as they are still more dependent on the local or desi food as it is fondly referred to. final RemarksPakistan being one of the emerging markets holds huge potentials a s well as high returns but also offers a considerable level of risk as well. Even though the market is huge and profitable, other factors such as the weak economy, political instability, and security threats and poor infrastructure make it impossible to launch operations at a massive scale. Since fast food is not the local cuisine, it may be hard to find consumers outside the major cities which advantageously restrict the target market. However there are immense opportunities available as well which can be tapped into by using the most appropriate entry strategy and developing a strong exit strategy if the need arises.

Cuisine in the Andalucía and Aragon Regions

Cuisine in the Andaluca and Aragon RegionsIn this Project I pull up stakes be discussing Spanish gastronomy, in particular from the regions of Andaluca and Aragon I will begin with an introduction of both the regions and then go onto outline the food they like to eat, discussing the sweetheartes that ar eccentric to the region from each land within the region, and how prevalent the dishes are, and I will research the produce that is unique to each region and the tradition(s) behind the food and the people, I will also provide illustrations to give visual impact to my discussion.Andaluca is the largest populated region in Spain boasting an incredible 8,285,692 inhabitants locating its self southerly, east facing the Mediterranean and westerly the Atlantic Ocean. Andaluca is divided by eight res publicas Almeria, Malaga, Granada, Seville, Huelva, Cadiz, Cordoba and Jaen. Essentially the region offers a Mediterranean climate with dry, hot summers and frigid like cold winters, m aking it an attractive location for tourists with its golden beaches and mountain ranges. Andaluca is typically an agricultural region but the service sector is straightway the regions predominant source of income incorporating tourism, retail sales and transportation. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia- 12-3-2010)Aragon is a Spanish region in the north east of the country and it borders with France. The region is divided into three provinces which are Huesca, Zaragoza and Teruel. Aragon is atomic number 53 of Spains smallest regions and steads 1,277,471 people. The region in difference to Andaluca is an in-land region and doesnt have beaches, but is blessed with rich green pastures and orchards, valleys and permanent glaciers. Aragon also has many rivers, one of which it is known for is the river Ebro (Spains largest river) and with it being in the midst of the Pyrenees it is surrounded by many mountains including the highest in the Pyrenees the Aneto. Aragon is one of Spain s richest regions although its revenue is similar to Andalucas of agricultural and Service sector. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon 17/03/2010)Andaluca is a beautiful region of southern Spain, where it is rich in fresh produce thus making it gastronomically precious. The prime diet of the region is the Mediterranean diet like in a lot of Spain. In this section I am going to talk about each province of Andaluca and some of the dishes and produce they have to offer.Almeria.Almerian dishes are mostly found on produce much(prenominal) as pepper, garlic and tomatoes and intromit the following popular dishes olla de trigo, Ajo colorao, morgas, paprika stew and Gachas pancake. (http//www.s4c.co.uk/casadudley/e_casadudley_andalucia.shtml 18-03-2010) Olla de trigo is pots of wheat and Ajo colorao is red garlic.Granada.Granada is popular for its Sacromonte omelette and Grenadine trend broad beans. The style of cooking in Granada has a lot of Arabian influences, with it being spicy an d sweet, and consisting in stews and soups. Granada like in a lot of Spain, offers a good categorization of Tapas in its bars, where you can sample a variety of national and regional bites and light snacks. Generally Granadas gastronomy forms around fresh fruit and ve flapables, salt and vinegar and olive oil and whatever you eat from the region will have one if not all these ingredients within it. Summery soups are Gaspachos and Ajo Blanco and wintery thicker soups such as Olla de san Anton. The Grenadine style broad beans are enwrapped in ham and are called Habas con Jamon. (http//www.whatgranada.com/granada-food.html 18-03-2010)Malaga.Food in Malaga is based around seafood, poultry, sausage, olive oil and locally grown vegetables. Chanquetes is a popular dish made with small fishes such as sardines and Boquerones in vinegar (marinated and pickled Anchovies). Rabo de Toro a la Rondea. Is another popular regional dish which is a bulls tail. (http//www.spanishabroad.com/spain/M alaga/mala_food.htm -20-03-2010)Huelva.Huelva is home to a busy port, so the produce that surrounds the province in abundance is Seafood, so its restaurants are rich with fresh fish and shell fish. A popular dish is Choco which is a small cuttle fish, and Huelva is well known throughout Spain for its Gambas Blancas (white prawns) and an array of clams Chirlas, Coquinas and almejas. Other celebrated dishes are Rape al wine-coloured Blanco (Monk fish in white wine) and Raya al pimenton (Skate with paprika). (http//www.andalucia.com/cities/huelva/restaurants.htm 24-03-2010)Cadiz.The food in Cadiz like in a lot of Andaluca, is predominantly sea food based, finding amongst its rim lines, shrimp, sea-snails, squid, sea-urchins, lobster and prawns, but seafood is not the only thing people eat in Cadiz, meats such as Pork, goat, beef, game and lamb are widely consumed. Some of the nicest seafood dishes of the province are Abaja de pescado (Fish stew), Gambas al ajillo (prawns fried in g arlic) Cazon en adobo (Dogfish marinated) Cadillios de peros (Fish stewed in orange) and as far as the meat dishes go Guiso de Rabo de Toro (oxtail stew) Perdiz estofada (partridge casserole) (http//www.whatcadiz.com/spain-food-wine.html 24-03-2010)Seville.The people of Seville are famous for being known as the people who do not eat but feed on Tapas. (http//www.andalucia.com/gastronomy/provincial.htm 26-03-2010) So a good way to get to know Sevillian food is to try as many dishes as possible from all the tapas bars, this is the way the locals eat, amongst big groups of friends eating lots of small portions from the tapas bars. Cured meats such as Jamon Serrano Iberico, prawns of sanlucar, fried fish, including Gaspacho and fresh salads. When the Sevillians are not out eating at the tapas bars and taverns, they do a lot of home cooking as the people of Seville are not keen restaurant goers. The true specialities of the region are Flamenco eggs, stuffed artichokes and sauted kidney w ith sherry. (http//www.aboutsevilla.com/sevilla/food-drink.asp 26-03-2010)Cordoba.Unlike the other regions I have r about in Andaluca and their very seafood orientation, Cordobas food seems to be more in-land with delicious gamey dishes and stews, quite similar to Almerian dishes. Produce such as peppers, pumpkin, discolour grapes are included in the dishes and also exotic spices such as cumin and saffron. Some other popular dishes include Salmorejo cordobes (a thicker Gaspacho style soup), Morcilla (Blood sausage), Salchichon de Pozo Blanco (cured sausage). (http//www.whatcordoba.com/cordoba-food.html 28-04-2010)Jaen.Jaen, the final province in Andaluca, a province which bases its food on olive oil and some popular dishes include Espinacas Jineses (a style of spinach typical to Jaen) Ajilmojili (a provincial style of potato cooked with olive oil, red peppers and vinegar). There is also an area of Jaen where fish is more widely consumed with fish dishes being more cod and herring based which are used to make the following dishes Ajoharina and Andrajos. Jaen is known for products such as Afajores (macaroons), Mostachones (a provincial sweet made with, flour, cinnamon, lemon and sugar), Roscos (a type of donut) and a selection of local marmalades. (http//www.andalucia.com/gastronomy/provincial.htm 29-03-2010)I have based this project more so on Andalucan cuisine, but in the following section I will briefly acres some of the dishes from Aragon comparatively to the dishes of Andaluca.Aragon.Aragonese cuisine is known as the most wholesome and straight forward in Spain and with Aragon being in-land and bordering France and homing the Pyrenees, the food is simpler, warm and homely, differing from the Andalucas zest and vibrant seafood. In Zaragoza you find meat dishes such as Lamb and goat cooked on a spit, vegetable stew and some local favourites such as huevos al salmorejo (eggs with asparagus sauce) and Pollo a la chilindron (Chicken in a cured ham sauce) (h ttp//www.zaragozatravel.com/dining.htm) 30-03-2010.)The region also includes dishes that combine, meat, chocolate and fruit, popular dishes include partridge with chocolate, Fried Pyrenees trout (the best trout from the rivers in the region) and Serrano ham from Teruel (which are made and cured in the bitter winter months up in the mountains) and Sopa aragonese which is made with liver-colored and cheese dating back to the 17th century.( http//www.iberianfoods.co.uk/Aragon.htm) 30-02-2010)

Rhyme And Rythm in Blakes A Divine Image Essay -- Blake Divine Image

Rhyme And Rythm in Blakes A Divine Image In A Divine Image, Blake uses several techniques and literary devices, to transmit his thoughts nearly social injustice, cruelty and human nature, Rhyme and rhythm are twain of the main features in this poem this poem is the rhythm affect the whole mood, life and meaning of the poem. The poet has chosen different methods to give the poem specific sounds that affect the pace and structure of the rhythm.The structure of the first stanza helps us understand the relationships between the quaternion aspects of human nature presented, cruelty, jealousy, terror and secrecy. The first and third lines start with the main intelligence service, while in the second and fourth ones the words come preceded by the word And. This makes the ratifier connect cruelty with terror and jealousy with secrecy automatically. We can notice that the stress of the lines in this first stanza falls onto the main word, giving an punctuate effect. Unlike many other Bl ake poems, such as The Tyger or The Lamb we cannot find rhyming couplets in this stanza, but the rhyming and stressing effect is enough for the reader to tie the ideas together. This effect is strengthened by the repetition of the word human in every line and the repetition of the y ending sounds in lines one, two and four.The structure of the second stanza differs from the structure of the first one. We notice that each of the lines provide an answer in a symmetrical way to each one in the first s...

The Ramifications of Prejudice and Discrimination Essay example -- une

IntroductionClassifying oneself to be the object of prejudice or discrimination has demonstrable, negative impact upon the unmarried (Dion, 2002). Prejudice is a mixture of preconceived beliefs and negative attitudes towards a certain group of people. Whereas discrimination involves physical action and unequal treatment towards a token group. Research indicates prejudice and discrimination are more or less interchangeably, with altered referents and slightly different meanings (Zastrow, 2007). Minorities have been the victims of prejudice and discrimination for many years (Dion, 2002). Certain minorities such as African Americans have been targeted and treated unfairly (Zastrow, 2007). For example, a Caucasian person can go into a store to shop without being followed or harassed however, an African American may not have the same experience. Throughout America in most instances Hernstein and Murray asserts that Caucasians are more intelligent, because IQ test demonstrate Caucasian s average scores of 10 to 15 points higher than African Americans. Research revealed that those IQ test were racially imbalanced (Zastrow, 2007). American culture has been ambivalent, viewing race and ethnicity both as sources of pride, meaning, and motivation as well as sources of prejudice, discrimination, and inequality. Prejudice is a combination of classify beliefs and negative attitudes (Markus, 2008). Perceived prejudice and discrimination, under some circumstances, may help buffer or protect aspects of the self-concept for members of certain minority or subordinate groups, in some instances (Dion, 2002). These terms stem from ethnocentrism, which according to Zastrow, (2007) is defined as a set of beliefs that holds ones own cul... ...tive taking ability Developmental, theoretical, and empirical trends. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child. Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Reeves, K. (2000). Racism And Projection Of The Shadow. Psychot herapy. 37, 1.Rosik, C.H., Smith, L.L, (2009). Perceptions of Religiously Based Discrimination Among Christian Students in Secular and Christian University Settings. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. American Psychological Association. 4, 207217 1941-1022/09 doi 10.1037/a0017076.Schriver, J.M. (2011). Human Behavior and Social Environment Shifting Paradigms essential knowledge for social work practice (5th Edition). Needham Heights, MA Peason A & Bacon. Zastrow, C. H., & Krist-Ashman, K.K. (2007). understand Human Behavior and the Social Environment (7th Edition.) Belmont, CA Thompson-Brooks/Cole.